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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Saint
Lydia of Thyatira
Witness to the Faith
Honored inEpiscopal Church (United States)
Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Feast27 January
3 August
20 May
A modern Greek Orthodox outdoor chapel on what is said to be the site where Lydia was baptized.

Lydia of Thyatira (Greek: Λυδία) is a woman mentioned in the New Testament who is regarded as the first documented convert to Christianity in Europe. Several Christian denominations have designated her a saint.

Lydia of Thyatira and Philippi

[edit]

The name, “Lydia”, meaning “the Lydian woman”, by which she was known indicates that she was from Lydia in Asia Minor. Though she is commonly known as “St. Lydia” or even more simply “The Woman of Purple,” Lydia is given other titles: “of Thyatira,” “Purpuraria,” and “of Philippi (‘Philippisia’ in Greek).” “[Lydia’s] name is an ethnicon, deriving from her place of origin”.[1] The first refers to her place of birth, which is a city in the ancient region of Lydia (modern-day Akhisar, Turkey). The second comes from the Latin word for purple and relates to her connection with purple dye. Philippi (modern-day Macedonia (Greece)) was the city in which Lydia was living when she met St. Paul and his companions. All these titles expound upon this woman’s background.

New Testament narrative

[edit]

Acts 16 describes Lydia as follows:

A certain woman named Lydia, a seller of purple, of the city of Thyatira, one who worshiped God, heard us; whose heart the Lord opened to listen to the things which were spoken by Paul. When she and her household were baptized, she begged us, saying, “If you have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, come into my house, and stay.” So she persuaded us.

— Acts 16:14–15 World English Bible

Wayne Grudem sees the story of Lydia as being an example of effectual calling.[2]

Background

[edit]

Lydia was most likely from Greek background, since originating from Thyatira, Asia Minor, but probably romanized one, while she lived in a Roman settlement.[3] She was evidently a well-to-do agent of a purple-dye firm in Thyatira, a city southeast of Pergamum and approximately 40 miles (64 km) inland, across the Aegean Sea from Athens. Lydia insisted on giving hospitality to Apostle Paul and his companions in Philippi. They stayed with her until their departure, through Amphipolis and Apollonia, to Thessalonica (Acts 16:40–17:1).

Paul, Silas and Timothy were traveling through the region of Philippi when they encounter “a reputable businesswoman and possibly a widow… [who] was a righteous Gentile or ‘God-fearer’ attracted to Judaism”.[4] “[S]he was one of a large group [considered]… sympathizers with Judaism, believers in the one God, but who had not yet become ‘proselytes’ or taken the final step to conversion to Judaism”.[5]

Because these encounters and events take place “in what is now Europe,” Lydia is considered “the first ‘European’ Christian convert”.[6]

Lydia of Thyatira by Harold Copping

Profession

[edit]

“Thyatira in the province of Lydia (located in what is now western Turkey) was famous for the red [variety of purple] dye”.[1] Lydia of Thyatira is most known as a “seller” or merchant of purple cloth, which is the likely reason for the Catholic Church naming her “patroness of dyers.” It is unclear as to if Lydia simply dealt in the trade of purple dye or whether her business included textiles as well,[7] though all known icons of the saint depict her with some form of purple cloth. Most portray this holy woman wearing a purple shawl or veil, which allows many historians and theologians to believe that she was a merchant of specifically purple cloth.

Social status

[edit]

There is some speculation regarding Lydia’s social status. Theologians disagree as to whether Lydia was a free woman or servant. “There is no direct evidence that Lydia had once been a slave, but the fact that her name is her place of origin rather than a personal name suggests this as at least a possibility”.[5] Ascough cites other examples of noble women named Lydia from the first or second centuries,[8] so it is unlikely that she was actually a slave or servant. Furthermore, the book of Acts records, “When she and the members of her household were baptized, she invited us to her home. ‘If you consider me a believer in the Lord,’ she said, ‘come and stay at my house.’ And she persuaded us.”[9] This implies that Lydia was in charge of the household, as she was able to persuade the household to be baptised, and had authority in the home to invite Paul and his companions to stay in her house – both things that a servant would be far less able to do.

Marital status

[edit]

Baptism of Lydia by Marie Ellenrieder, 1861

Because women did not possess the same equality rights as modern women, it appears unusual that Lydia would be capable of inviting a group of foreign men to her house without a man’s consent. “The fact that there is no mention of a man has been used to deduce that she was a widow, but this has been challenged as a patriarchal interpretation”.[5] Lydia’s evident social power exemplified by her control of a household and ownership of a house (which she offered to St. Paul and his companions) indicates that she was most likely a free woman and possibly a widow.[10]

Feast day

[edit]

Many Christian denominations recognize Lydia of Thyatira as a saint, though her feast day varies greatly. In the Catholic Church, her feast day is August 3.[11][12]

The Episcopal Church honors St. Lydia in its liturgical calendar on May 21,[13] while the Anglican Church in North America remembers St. Lydia on January 27.[14]

Eastern Orthodox Churches remember Lydia on various days, with some jurisdictions remembering her twice during a liturgical year. Many Eastern Orthodox churches, including the Self-Ruled Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America, remember St. Lydia on May 20.[15][16][17] However, some divisions of the Russian Orthodox Church (other than the Orthodox Church in America) observe both June 25 and March 27 as her feast days.[18]

Greek icon of Lydia of Thyatira

The Lutheran community is also divided. The ELCA commemorates Sts. Lydia, Dorcas and Phoebe on January 27,[19] while the LCMS celebrates the three women on October 25.[20]

Devotion

[edit]

Devotion to St. Lydia is greater in the Orthodox Church than in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, and this is evident by the myriad of icons depicting this woman. The Orthodox Churches have given her the title of “Equal to the Apostles“, which signifies her importance and level of holiness. There is a church located in Philippi, which many consider to be built in St. Lydia’s honor. A modern baptistry is located on the traditional site in Krynides where Lydia was baptized by St. Paul near Philippi as well.[21]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b Cumming, John (1998). Butler’s Lives of the Saints. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press. p. 24.
  2. ^ Grudem, Wayne (1994). Systematic Theology. IVP. p. 693.
  3. ^ Ascough, Richard S. (2009). Lydia: Paul’s Cosmopolitan Hostess. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press. p. 27.
  4. ^ Hahn, Scott (2002). The Acts of the Apostles Revised Standard Version (Second Catholic ed.). San Francisco, California: Ignatius Press. p. 45.
  5. ^ Jump up to:a b c Cumming, John (1998). Butler’s Lives of the Saints. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press. p. 25.
  6. ^ Cumming, John (1998). Butler’s Lives of the Saints. Collgeville, MN: The Liturgical Press. p. 24.
  7. ^ Ascough, Richard S. (2009). Lydia: Paul’s Cosmopolitan Hostess. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press. p. 50.
  8. ^ Ascough, Richard S. (2009). Lydia: Paul’s Cosmopolitan Hostess. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press. p. 7.
  9. ^ The Holy Bible (2013). “The Acts of the Apostles, chapter 16, verse 15”. NIV text. Zondervan.
  10. ^ Ascough, Richard S. (2009). Lydia: Paul’s Cosmopolitan Hostess. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press. pp. 7, 32.
  11. ^ “St. Lydia Purpuria”. www.catholic.org.
  12. ^ Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2001 ISBN 978-88-209-7210-3), p. 278
  13. ^ Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. ISBN 978-1-64065-235-4.
  14. ^ The Book of Common Prayer (2019). Anglican Liturgy Press. November 2019. p. 692. ISBN 978-1-7323448-4-6.
  15. ^ Ἡ Ἁγία Λυδία ἡ Φιλιππησία. 20 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ. (in Greek)
  16. ^ St Lydia of Philippisia. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  17. ^ “St. Lydia of Philippisia”. The Self-Ruled Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America.
  18. ^ “St. Lydia of Thyatira: First Christian Convert in Europe, Deaconess of Philippi”. One Thing Needful (Monastery News).
  19. ^ Kitahata, Stacy. “Bold Foremothers of Our Faith”. Lutheran Woman Today. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012.
  20. ^ Kinnaman, Scot A. (2010). Lutheranism 101. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House. p. 278.
  21. ^ “Philippi”. Sacred Destinations. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010.

[edit]

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Saint
Lydia of Thyatira
Witness to the Faith
Honored inEpiscopal Church (United States)
Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Feast27 January
3 August
20 May
A modern Greek Orthodox outdoor chapel on what is said to be the site where Lydia was baptized.

Lydia of Thyatira (Greek: Λυδία) is a woman mentioned in the New Testament who is regarded as the first documented convert to Christianity in Europe. Several Christian denominations have designated her a saint.

Lydia of Thyatira and Philippi

[edit]

The name, “Lydia”, meaning “the Lydian woman”, by which she was known indicates that she was from Lydia in Asia Minor. Though she is commonly known as “St. Lydia” or even more simply “The Woman of Purple,” Lydia is given other titles: “of Thyatira,” “Purpuraria,” and “of Philippi (‘Philippisia’ in Greek).” “[Lydia’s] name is an ethnicon, deriving from her place of origin”.[1] The first refers to her place of birth, which is a city in the ancient region of Lydia (modern-day Akhisar, Turkey). The second comes from the Latin word for purple and relates to her connection with purple dye. Philippi (modern-day Macedonia (Greece)) was the city in which Lydia was living when she met St. Paul and his companions. All these titles expound upon this woman’s background.

New Testament narrative

[edit]

Acts 16 describes Lydia as follows:

A certain woman named Lydia, a seller of purple, of the city of Thyatira, one who worshiped God, heard us; whose heart the Lord opened to listen to the things which were spoken by Paul. When she and her household were baptized, she begged us, saying, “If you have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, come into my house, and stay.” So she persuaded us.

— Acts 16:14–15 World English Bible

Wayne Grudem sees the story of Lydia as being an example of effectual calling.[2]

Background

[edit]

Lydia was most likely from Greek background, since originating from Thyatira, Asia Minor, but probably romanized one, while she lived in a Roman settlement.[3] She was evidently a well-to-do agent of a purple-dye firm in Thyatira, a city southeast of Pergamum and approximately 40 miles (64 km) inland, across the Aegean Sea from Athens. Lydia insisted on giving hospitality to Apostle Paul and his companions in Philippi. They stayed with her until their departure, through Amphipolis and Apollonia, to Thessalonica (Acts 16:40–17:1).

Paul, Silas and Timothy were traveling through the region of Philippi when they encounter “a reputable businesswoman and possibly a widow… [who] was a righteous Gentile or ‘God-fearer’ attracted to Judaism”.[4] “[S]he was one of a large group [considered]… sympathizers with Judaism, believers in the one God, but who had not yet become ‘proselytes’ or taken the final step to conversion to Judaism”.[5]

Because these encounters and events take place “in what is now Europe,” Lydia is considered “the first ‘European’ Christian convert”.[6]

Lydia of Thyatira by Harold Copping

Profession

[edit]

“Thyatira in the province of Lydia (located in what is now western Turkey) was famous for the red [variety of purple] dye”.[1] Lydia of Thyatira is most known as a “seller” or merchant of purple cloth, which is the likely reason for the Catholic Church naming her “patroness of dyers.” It is unclear as to if Lydia simply dealt in the trade of purple dye or whether her business included textiles as well,[7] though all known icons of the saint depict her with some form of purple cloth. Most portray this holy woman wearing a purple shawl or veil, which allows many historians and theologians to believe that she was a merchant of specifically purple cloth.

Social status

[edit]

There is some speculation regarding Lydia’s social status. Theologians disagree as to whether Lydia was a free woman or servant. “There is no direct evidence that Lydia had once been a slave, but the fact that her name is her place of origin rather than a personal name suggests this as at least a possibility”.[5] Ascough cites other examples of noble women named Lydia from the first or second centuries,[8] so it is unlikely that she was actually a slave or servant. Furthermore, the book of Acts records, “When she and the members of her household were baptized, she invited us to her home. ‘If you consider me a believer in the Lord,’ she said, ‘come and stay at my house.’ And she persuaded us.”[9] This implies that Lydia was in charge of the household, as she was able to persuade the household to be baptised, and had authority in the home to invite Paul and his companions to stay in her house – both things that a servant would be far less able to do.

Marital status

[edit]

Baptism of Lydia by Marie Ellenrieder, 1861

Because women did not possess the same equality rights as modern women, it appears unusual that Lydia would be capable of inviting a group of foreign men to her house without a man’s consent. “The fact that there is no mention of a man has been used to deduce that she was a widow, but this has been challenged as a patriarchal interpretation”.[5] Lydia’s evident social power exemplified by her control of a household and ownership of a house (which she offered to St. Paul and his companions) indicates that she was most likely a free woman and possibly a widow.[10]

Feast day

[edit]

Many Christian denominations recognize Lydia of Thyatira as a saint, though her feast day varies greatly. In the Catholic Church, her feast day is August 3.[11][12]

The Episcopal Church honors St. Lydia in its liturgical calendar on May 21,[13] while the Anglican Church in North America remembers St. Lydia on January 27.[14]

Eastern Orthodox Churches remember Lydia on various days, with some jurisdictions remembering her twice during a liturgical year. Many Eastern Orthodox churches, including the Self-Ruled Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America, remember St. Lydia on May 20.[15][16][17] However, some divisions of the Russian Orthodox Church (other than the Orthodox Church in America) observe both June 25 and March 27 as her feast days.[18]

Greek icon of Lydia of Thyatira

The Lutheran community is also divided. The ELCA commemorates Sts. Lydia, Dorcas and Phoebe on January 27,[19] while the LCMS celebrates the three women on October 25.[20]

Devotion

[edit]

Devotion to St. Lydia is greater in the Orthodox Church than in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, and this is evident by the myriad of icons depicting this woman. The Orthodox Churches have given her the title of “Equal to the Apostles“, which signifies her importance and level of holiness. There is a church located in Philippi, which many consider to be built in St. Lydia’s honor. A modern baptistry is located on the traditional site in Krynides where Lydia was baptized by St. Paul near Philippi as well.[21]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b Cumming, John (1998). Butler’s Lives of the Saints. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press. p. 24.
  2. ^ Grudem, Wayne (1994). Systematic Theology. IVP. p. 693.
  3. ^ Ascough, Richard S. (2009). Lydia: Paul’s Cosmopolitan Hostess. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press. p. 27.
  4. ^ Hahn, Scott (2002). The Acts of the Apostles Revised Standard Version (Second Catholic ed.). San Francisco, California: Ignatius Press. p. 45.
  5. ^ Jump up to:a b c Cumming, John (1998). Butler’s Lives of the Saints. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press. p. 25.
  6. ^ Cumming, John (1998). Butler’s Lives of the Saints. Collgeville, MN: The Liturgical Press. p. 24.
  7. ^ Ascough, Richard S. (2009). Lydia: Paul’s Cosmopolitan Hostess. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press. p. 50.
  8. ^ Ascough, Richard S. (2009). Lydia: Paul’s Cosmopolitan Hostess. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press. p. 7.
  9. ^ The Holy Bible (2013). “The Acts of the Apostles, chapter 16, verse 15”. NIV text. Zondervan.
  10. ^ Ascough, Richard S. (2009). Lydia: Paul’s Cosmopolitan Hostess. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press. pp. 7, 32.
  11. ^ “St. Lydia Purpuria”. www.catholic.org.
  12. ^ Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2001 ISBN 978-88-209-7210-3), p. 278
  13. ^ Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. ISBN 978-1-64065-235-4.
  14. ^ The Book of Common Prayer (2019). Anglican Liturgy Press. November 2019. p. 692. ISBN 978-1-7323448-4-6.
  15. ^ Ἡ Ἁγία Λυδία ἡ Φιλιππησία. 20 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ. (in Greek)
  16. ^ St Lydia of Philippisia. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  17. ^ “St. Lydia of Philippisia”. The Self-Ruled Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America.
  18. ^ “St. Lydia of Thyatira: First Christian Convert in Europe, Deaconess of Philippi”. One Thing Needful (Monastery News).
  19. ^ Kitahata, Stacy. “Bold Foremothers of Our Faith”. Lutheran Woman Today. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012.
  20. ^ Kinnaman, Scot A. (2010). Lutheranism 101. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House. p. 278.
  21. ^ “Philippi”. Sacred Destinations. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010.

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lydia of Thyatira.

showvteNew Testament people
showAuthority control databases 

Categories: 

Main menu

Search

Personal tools

Contents

hide

Lydia of Thyatira

25 languages

Tools

Appearancehide

Text

  • SmallStandardLarge

Width

  • StandardWide

Color (beta)

  • AutomaticLightDark

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Saint
Lydia of Thyatira
Witness to the Faith
Honored inEpiscopal Church (United States)
Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Feast27 January
3 August
20 May
A modern Greek Orthodox outdoor chapel on what is said to be the site where Lydia was baptized.

Lydia of Thyatira (Greek: Λυδία) is a woman mentioned in the New Testament who is regarded as the first documented convert to Christianity in Europe. Several Christian denominations have designated her a saint.

Lydia of Thyatira and Philippi

[edit]

The name, “Lydia”, meaning “the Lydian woman”, by which she was known indicates that she was from Lydia in Asia Minor. Though she is commonly known as “St. Lydia” or even more simply “The Woman of Purple,” Lydia is given other titles: “of Thyatira,” “Purpuraria,” and “of Philippi (‘Philippisia’ in Greek).” “[Lydia’s] name is an ethnicon, deriving from her place of origin”.[1] The first refers to her place of birth, which is a city in the ancient region of Lydia (modern-day Akhisar, Turkey). The second comes from the Latin word for purple and relates to her connection with purple dye. Philippi (modern-day Macedonia (Greece)) was the city in which Lydia was living when she met St. Paul and his companions. All these titles expound upon this woman’s background.

New Testament narrative

[edit]

Acts 16 describes Lydia as follows:

A certain woman named Lydia, a seller of purple, of the city of Thyatira, one who worshiped God, heard us; whose heart the Lord opened to listen to the things which were spoken by Paul. When she and her household were baptized, she begged us, saying, “If you have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, come into my house, and stay.” So she persuaded us.

— Acts 16:14–15 World English Bible

Wayne Grudem sees the story of Lydia as being an example of effectual calling.[2]

Background

[edit]

Lydia was most likely from Greek background, since originating from Thyatira, Asia Minor, but probably romanized one, while she lived in a Roman settlement.[3] She was evidently a well-to-do agent of a purple-dye firm in Thyatira, a city southeast of Pergamum and approximately 40 miles (64 km) inland, across the Aegean Sea from Athens. Lydia insisted on giving hospitality to Apostle Paul and his companions in Philippi. They stayed with her until their departure, through Amphipolis and Apollonia, to Thessalonica (Acts 16:40–17:1).

Paul, Silas and Timothy were traveling through the region of Philippi when they encounter “a reputable businesswoman and possibly a widow… [who] was a righteous Gentile or ‘God-fearer’ attracted to Judaism”.[4] “[S]he was one of a large group [considered]… sympathizers with Judaism, believers in the one God, but who had not yet become ‘proselytes’ or taken the final step to conversion to Judaism”.[5]

Because these encounters and events take place “in what is now Europe,” Lydia is considered “the first ‘European’ Christian convert”.[6]

Lydia of Thyatira by Harold Copping

Profession

[edit]

“Thyatira in the province of Lydia (located in what is now western Turkey) was famous for the red [variety of purple] dye”.[1] Lydia of Thyatira is most known as a “seller” or merchant of purple cloth, which is the likely reason for the Catholic Church naming her “patroness of dyers.” It is unclear as to if Lydia simply dealt in the trade of purple dye or whether her business included textiles as well,[7] though all known icons of the saint depict her with some form of purple cloth. Most portray this holy woman wearing a purple shawl or veil, which allows many historians and theologians to believe that she was a merchant of specifically purple cloth.

Social status

[edit]

There is some speculation regarding Lydia’s social status. Theologians disagree as to whether Lydia was a free woman or servant. “There is no direct evidence that Lydia had once been a slave, but the fact that her name is her place of origin rather than a personal name suggests this as at least a possibility”.[5] Ascough cites other examples of noble women named Lydia from the first or second centuries,[8] so it is unlikely that she was actually a slave or servant. Furthermore, the book of Acts records, “When she and the members of her household were baptized, she invited us to her home. ‘If you consider me a believer in the Lord,’ she said, ‘come and stay at my house.’ And she persuaded us.”[9] This implies that Lydia was in charge of the household, as she was able to persuade the household to be baptised, and had authority in the home to invite Paul and his companions to stay in her house – both things that a servant would be far less able to do.

Marital status

[edit]

Baptism of Lydia by Marie Ellenrieder, 1861

Because women did not possess the same equality rights as modern women, it appears unusual that Lydia would be capable of inviting a group of foreign men to her house without a man’s consent. “The fact that there is no mention of a man has been used to deduce that she was a widow, but this has been challenged as a patriarchal interpretation”.[5] Lydia’s evident social power exemplified by her control of a household and ownership of a house (which she offered to St. Paul and his companions) indicates that she was most likely a free woman and possibly a widow.[10]

Feast day

[edit]

Many Christian denominations recognize Lydia of Thyatira as a saint, though her feast day varies greatly. In the Catholic Church, her feast day is August 3.[11][12]

The Episcopal Church honors St. Lydia in its liturgical calendar on May 21,[13] while the Anglican Church in North America remembers St. Lydia on January 27.[14]

Eastern Orthodox Churches remember Lydia on various days, with some jurisdictions remembering her twice during a liturgical year. Many Eastern Orthodox churches, including the Self-Ruled Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America, remember St. Lydia on May 20.[15][16][17] However, some divisions of the Russian Orthodox Church (other than the Orthodox Church in America) observe both June 25 and March 27 as her feast days.[18]

Greek icon of Lydia of Thyatira

The Lutheran community is also divided. The ELCA commemorates Sts. Lydia, Dorcas and Phoebe on January 27,[19] while the LCMS celebrates the three women on October 25.[20]

Devotion

[edit]

Devotion to St. Lydia is greater in the Orthodox Church than in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, and this is evident by the myriad of icons depicting this woman. The Orthodox Churches have given her the title of “Equal to the Apostles“, which signifies her importance and level of holiness. There is a church located in Philippi, which many consider to be built in St. Lydia’s honor. A modern baptistry is located on the traditional site in Krynides where Lydia was baptized by St. Paul near Philippi as well.[21]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b Cumming, John (1998). Butler’s Lives of the Saints. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press. p. 24.
  2. ^ Grudem, Wayne (1994). Systematic Theology. IVP. p. 693.
  3. ^ Ascough, Richard S. (2009). Lydia: Paul’s Cosmopolitan Hostess. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press. p. 27.
  4. ^ Hahn, Scott (2002). The Acts of the Apostles Revised Standard Version (Second Catholic ed.). San Francisco, California: Ignatius Press. p. 45.
  5. ^ Jump up to:a b c Cumming, John (1998). Butler’s Lives of the Saints. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press. p. 25.
  6. ^ Cumming, John (1998). Butler’s Lives of the Saints. Collgeville, MN: The Liturgical Press. p. 24.
  7. ^ Ascough, Richard S. (2009). Lydia: Paul’s Cosmopolitan Hostess. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press. p. 50.
  8. ^ Ascough, Richard S. (2009). Lydia: Paul’s Cosmopolitan Hostess. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press. p. 7.
  9. ^ The Holy Bible (2013). “The Acts of the Apostles, chapter 16, verse 15”. NIV text. Zondervan.
  10. ^ Ascough, Richard S. (2009). Lydia: Paul’s Cosmopolitan Hostess. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press. pp. 7, 32.
  11. ^ “St. Lydia Purpuria”. www.catholic.org.
  12. ^ Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2001 ISBN 978-88-209-7210-3), p. 278
  13. ^ Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. ISBN 978-1-64065-235-4.
  14. ^ The Book of Common Prayer (2019). Anglican Liturgy Press. November 2019. p. 692. ISBN 978-1-7323448-4-6.
  15. ^ Ἡ Ἁγία Λυδία ἡ Φιλιππησία. 20 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ. (in Greek)
  16. ^ St Lydia of Philippisia. OCA – Feasts and Saints.
  17. ^ “St. Lydia of Philippisia”. The Self-Ruled Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America.
  18. ^ “St. Lydia of Thyatira: First Christian Convert in Europe, Deaconess of Philippi”. One Thing Needful (Monastery News).
  19. ^ Kitahata, Stacy. “Bold Foremothers of Our Faith”. Lutheran Woman Today. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012.
  20. ^ Kinnaman, Scot A. (2010). Lutheranism 101. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House. p. 278.
  21. ^ “Philippi”. Sacred Destinations. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010.

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