NUKE POWER

Nuclear power

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“Nuclear energy” redirects here. For other uses, see Nuclear binding energy and Nuclear Energy (sculpture).

“Atomic Power” redirects here. For the film, see Atomic Power (film).

This article is about the power source. For states that are nuclear powers, see List of states with nuclear weapons.

The Ikata Nuclear Power Plant, a pressurized water reactor that cools by secondary coolant exchange with the ocean.

The Susquehanna Steam Electric Station, a boiling water reactor. The reactors are located inside the rectangular containment buildings towards the front of the cooling towers.

Nuclear power is produced by controlled (i.e., non-explosive) nuclear reactions. Commercial and utility plants currently use nuclear fission reactions to heat water to produce steam, which is then used to generate electricity.

In 2009, 13–14% of the world’s electricity came from nuclear power.^[1] Also, more than 150 naval vessels using nuclear propulsion have been built.

Contents [hide] 1 Use 1.1 Nuclear fusion 1.2 Use in space 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 Early years 2.3 Development 3 Nuclear reactor technology 3.1 Flexibility of nuclear power plants 4 Life cycle 4.1 Conventional fuel resources 4.1.1 Breeding 4.1.2 Fusion 4.2 Solid waste 4.2.1 High-level radioactive waste 4.2.2 Low-level radioactive waste 4.2.3 Comparing radioactive waste to industrial toxic waste 4.2.4 Waste disposal 4.3 Reprocessing 4.3.1 Depleted uranium 5 Economics 6 Accidents and safety 7 Nuclear proliferation 8 Environmental effects of nuclear power 9 Debate on nuclear power 10 Nuclear power organizations 10.1 Against 10.2 Supportive 11 Nuclear renaissance 12 Future of the industry 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links

Use

Historical and projected world energy use by energy source, 1980-2030, Source: International Energy Outlook 2007, EIA.

Nuclear power installed capacity and generation, 1980 to 2007 (EIA).

The status of nuclear power globally. Click image for legend.

Diablo Canyon Power Plant in San Luis Obispo County, California, USA

See also: Nuclear power by country and List of nuclear reactors

As of 2005, nuclear power provided 6.3% of the world’s energy and 15% of the world’s electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for 56.5% of nuclear generated electricity.^[2] In 2007, the IAEA reported there were 439 nuclear power reactors in operation in the world,^[3] operating in 31 countries.^[4] As of December 2009, the world had 436 reactors.^[5] Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s, 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid, although two were connected in 2009.^[5][6]

Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007, decreasing 1.8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh with nuclear power meeting 13–14% of the world’s electricity demand.^[1] One factor in the nuclear power percentage decrease since 2007 has been the prolonged shutdown of large reactors at the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant in Japan following the Niigata-Chuetsu-Oki earthquake.^[1]

The United States produces the most nuclear energy, with nuclear power providing 19%^[7] of the electricity it consumes, while France produces the highest percentage of its electrical energy from nuclear reactors—80% as of 2006.^[8] In the European Union as a whole, nuclear energy provides 30% of the electricity.^[9] Nuclear energy policy differs among European Union countries, and some, such as Austria, Estonia, and Ireland, have no active nuclear power stations. In comparison, France has a large number of these plants, with 16 multi-unit stations in current use.

In the US, while the coal and gas electricity industry is projected to be worth $85 billion by 2013, nuclear power generators are forecast to be worth $18 billion.^[10]

Many military and some civilian (such as some icebreaker) ships use nuclear marine propulsion, a form of nuclear propulsion.^[11] A few space vehicles have been launched using full-fledged nuclear reactors: the Soviet RORSAT series and the American SNAP-10A.

International research is continuing into safety improvements such as passively safe plants,^[12] the use of nuclear fusion, and additional uses of process heat such as hydrogen production (in support of a hydrogen economy), for desalinating sea water, and for use in district heating systems.