Main menu

Search

• Donate
• Create account
• Log in

Personal tools

Contents

hide

• (Top)
• Etymology
• HistoryToggle History subsection
• GeographyToggle Geography subsection
• DemographicsToggle Demographics subsection
• EconomyToggle Economy subsection
• Arts and cultureToggle Arts and culture subsection
• Sports
• Parks and recreation
• Government
• EducationToggle Education subsection
• Media
• InfrastructureToggle Infrastructure subsection
• Sister cities
• Notable people
• See also
• Notes
• References
• Bibliography
• Further reading
• External links

San Francisco

184 languages

• Article
• Talk

• Read
• Edit
• View history

Tools

Appearancehide

Text

• SmallStandardLarge

Width

• StandardWide

Color (beta)

• AutomaticLightDark

Coordinates: 37°47′N 122°25′W

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the city and county in California. For other uses, see San Francisco (disambiguation).

San Francisco
Consolidated city-county
City and County of San Francisco
Golden Gate BridgeSan Francisco cable carAlcatraz IslandChinatownGolden Gate ParkFinancial District
FlagSeal
Nicknames: See list[1]
Motto(s): Oro en Paz, Fierro en Guerra (Spanish for ‘Gold in Peace, Iron in War’)
Anthem: Official song: Theme from San Francisco (“Open your Golden Gate”) Official ballad: “I Left My Heart in San Francisco“[2][3]
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMapInteractive map outlining San Francisco
San FranciscoLocation within CaliforniaShow map of CaliforniaShow map of the United StatesShow map of North AmericaShow all
Coordinates: 37°47′N 122°25′W
Country	United States
State	California
County	San Francisco
Metro	San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward
CSA	San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland
Mission	June 29, 1776 (248 years ago)[4]
Incorporated	April 15, 1850 (174 years ago)[5]
Founded by	Juan Bautista de Anza José Joaquín Moraga Francisco Palóu
Named for	St. Francis of Assisi
Government
• Type	Mayor-council
• Body	Board of Supervisors
• Mayor	Daniel Lurie (D)
• Assembly members[9][10]	Matt Haney (D) Catherine Stefani (D)
• State senator	Scott Wiener (D)[6]
• United States Representatives	Nancy Pelosi (D)[7] Kevin Mullin (D)[8]
Area[11]
• City and county	231.89 sq mi (600.59 km2)
• Land	46.9 sq mi (121.48 km2)
• Water	184.99 sq mi (479.11 km2)  80.00%
• Metro	3,524.4 sq mi (9,128 km2)
Elevation[12]	52 ft (16 m)
Highest elevation[13] (Mount Davidson)	934 ft (285 m)
Lowest elevation[13] (Pacific Ocean)	0 ft (0 m)
Population (2020)[14]
• City and county	873,965
• Estimate (2023)[14]	808,988
• Rank	39th in North America 17th in the United States 4th in California
• Density	18,634.65/sq mi (7,194.88/km2)
• Urban[15][α]	3,515,933 (US: 14th)
• Urban density	6,843.0/sq mi (2,642.1/km2)
• Metro[16]	4,566,961 (US: 13th)
• CSA[17]	9,225,160 (US: 5th)
Demonym	San Franciscan[18]
Languages
• Official[19]	English, Spanish, Chinese, Filipino, Vietnamese
• Other non-official spoken languages	Russian, Persian, Portuguese, and others
GDP[20]
• City and county	$263.1 billion (2023)
• Metro	$778.9 billion (2023)
• CSA	$1.397 trillion (2023)
Time zone	UTC−08:00 (PST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−07:00 (PDT)
ZIP Codes[21]	showList
Area codes	415/628[22]
FIPS code	06-67000
GNIS feature IDs	277593, 2411786
Website	sf.gov
^ Urban area population/density are for the San Francisco–Oakland, CA urban area as of the 2020 Census.

San Francisco,^[23] officially the City and County of San Francisco, is a commercial, financial, and cultural center within Northern California. With a population of 808,988 residents as of 2023,^[14] San Francisco is the fourth-most populous city in the U.S. state of California behind Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose, and the 17th most populous in the US. It covers a land area of 46.9 square miles (121 square kilometers)^[24] at the upper end of the San Francisco Peninsula, making it the second-most densely populated major U.S. city behind New York City and the fifth-most densely populated U.S. county, behind four of New York City’s boroughs. Among the 91 U.S. cities proper with over 250,000 residents, San Francisco is ranked first by per capita income and sixth by aggregate income as of 2023.^[25] San Francisco anchors the 13th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States, with almost 4.6 million residents in 2023. The larger San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland combined statistical area, the fifth-largest urban region in the U.S., had a 2023 estimated population of over nine million.

Prior to European settlement, the modern city proper was inhabited by the Yelamu, who spoke a language now referred to as Ramaytush Ohlone. On June 29, 1776, settlers from New Spain established the Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate, and the Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away, both named for Francis of Assisi.^[4] The California gold rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, transforming an unimportant hamlet into a busy port, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time; between 1870 and 1900, approximately one quarter of California’s population resided in the city proper.^[26] In 1856, San Francisco became a consolidated city-county.^[27] After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire,^[28] it was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama–Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, it was a major port of embarkation for naval service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater.^[29] In 1945, the United Nations Charter was signed in San Francisco, establishing the United Nations and in 1951, the Treaty of San Francisco re-established peaceful relations between Japan and the Allied Powers.^[30][31][32] After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, significant immigration, liberalizing attitudes, the rise of the beatnik and hippie countercultures, the sexual revolution, the peace movement growing from opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States.

San Francisco and the surrounding San Francisco Bay Area are a global center of economic activity and the arts and sciences,^[33][34] spurred by leading universities,^[35] high-tech, healthcare, finance, insurance, real estate, and professional services sectors.^[36] As of 2020, the metropolitan area, with 4.5 million residents, ranked 5th by GDP ($874 billion) and 2nd by GDP per capita ($131,082) across the OECD countries, ahead of global cities like Paris, London, and Singapore.^[37][38][39] By the OMB definition, it is the fourth-largest by aggregate income and economic output in the U.S., with a GDP of $779 billion in 2023.^[40] The wider San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland Combined Statistical Area is the nation’s fifth-most populous, with around nine million residents, and the third-largest by economic output, with a GDP of $1.40 trillion in 2023. In the same year, San Francisco proper had a GDP of $263.1 billion, and a GDP per capita of $325,000.^[40] San Francisco was ranked fifth in the world and second in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2024.^[41] Despite a continuing exodus of businesses from the downtown area of San Francisco,^[42][43] the city is still home to numerous companies inside and outside of technology, including Salesforce, Uber, Airbnb, X, Levi’s, Gap, Dropbox, and Lyft.

In 2022, San Francisco had more than 1.7 million international visitors – the fifth-most visited city from abroad in the United States after New York City, Miami, Orlando, and Los Angeles – and approximately 20 million domestic visitors for a total of 21.9 million visitors.^[44][45] It is known for its steep rolling hills and eclectic mix of architecture across varied neighborhoods, its Chinatown and Mission districts, its cooling summers, fog, and landmarks including the Golden Gate Bridge, cable cars, and Alcatraz.^[46] The city is home to a number of educational and cultural institutions, such as the University of California, San Francisco, the University of San Francisco, San Francisco State University, the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, the Legion of Honor (museum), the de Young Museum, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the San Francisco Symphony, the San Francisco Ballet, the San Francisco Opera, the SFJAZZ Center, and the California Academy of Sciences. Two major league sports teams, the San Francisco Giants and the Golden State Warriors, play their home games within San Francisco proper. San Francisco International Airport (SFO) offers flights to over 125 destinations, while a light rail and bus network, in tandem with the BART and Caltrain systems, connects nearly every part of San Francisco with the wider region.^[47][48]

Etymology

[edit]

See also: List of San Francisco placename etymologies

San Francisco, which is Spanish for “Saint Francis”, takes its name from Mission San Francisco de Asís, which in turn was named after Saint Francis of Assisi. The mission received its name in 1776, when it was founded by the Spanish under the leadership of Padre Francisco Palóu. The city has officially been known as San Francisco since 1847, when Washington Allon Bartlett, then serving as the city’s alcalde, renamed it from Yerba Buena (Spanish for “Good Herb”), which had been the name of the first civilian pueblo in San Francisco, as well as the name of Yerba Buena Cove, which the pueblo was on the shore of. Earlier in San Francisco’s history, the uninhabited area on the northeastern side of San Francisco was called El Paraje de Yerba Buena, after the herb that was growing abundantly there. The name Yerba Buena continues to be used in locations in the city, such as on Yerba Buena Island and in the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts and Yerba Buena Gardens.

While people residing outside the San Francisco Bay Area use nicknames including “Frisco” and “San Fran”, local residents generally refer to San Francisco as “the City” or “SF”.^[1][49] The choice of nickname a person uses is a common way for locals to distinguish long-time residents from tourists and recent arrivals. The nicknames “San Fran” and “Frisco” are somewhat controversial among San Francisco residents.^[50][51][49]

History

[edit]

See also: History of San Francisco

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of San Francisco.

Indigenous history

[edit]

The earliest archeological evidence of human habitation of the territory of San Francisco dates to 3000 BCE.^[52] The Yelamu group of the Ramaytush people resided in a few small villages when an overland Spanish exploration party arrived on November 2, 1769, the first documented European visit to San Francisco Bay.^[53] The Ohlone name for San Francisco was Ahwaste, meaning, “place at the bay”.^[54] The arrival of Spanish colonists, and the implementation of their Mission system, marked the beginning of the assimilation of the Ramaytush people, and the decline of their language and culture.^[55][56][57]

Spanish era

[edit]

The Spanish Empire claimed San Francisco as part of Las Californias, a province of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The Spanish first arrived in what is now San Francisco on November 2, 1769, when the Portolá expedition led by Don Gaspar de Portolá and Juan Crespí arrived at San Francisco Bay. Having noted the strategic benefits of the area due to its large natural harbor, the Spanish dispatched Pedro Fages in 1770 to find a more direct route to the San Francisco Peninsula from Monterey, which would become part of the El Camino Real route. By 1774, Juan Bautista de Anza had arrived to the area to select the sites for a mission and presidio. The first European maritime presence in San Francisco Bay occurred on August 5, 1775, when the Spanish ship San Carlos, commanded by Juan Manuel de Ayala, became the first ship to anchor in the bay.^[58]

Soon after, on March 28, 1776, Anza established the Presidio of San Francisco. On October 9, Mission San Francisco de Asís, also known as Mission Dolores, was founded by Padre Francisco Palóu.^[4] In 1794, the Presidio established the Castillo de San Joaquín, a fortification on the southern side of the Golden Gate, which later came to be known as Fort Point.

In 1804, the province of Alta California was created, which included San Francisco. At its peak in 1810–1820, the average population at the Mission Dolores settlement was about 1,100 people.^[59]

Mexican era

[edit]

See also: Yerba Buena, California

In 1821, the Californias were ceded to Mexico by Spain. The extensive California mission system gradually lost its influence during the period of Mexican rule, although it was not until 1833 that the missions would be secularized. Agricultural land became largely privatized as ranchos, as was occurring in other parts of California. Coastal trade increased, including a half-dozen barques from various Atlantic ports which regularly sailed in California waters.^[61][62]

With the enactment of the Mexican Secularization Act of 1833, the missions were made to divest themselves of their extensive landholdings and emancipate the indigenous people under their control. As part of the process of secularization, Governor José Figueroa opened up San Francisco to civilian settlement. Prior to secularization, the only settlements in San Francisco had been the military settlement at the Presidio and the religious settlement at Mission Dolores.^[60] In 1835, the Presidio garrison, commanded by Mariano Vallejo, relocated to the Presidio of Sonoma, which was regarded as needing a greater military presence due the proximity of the Russian settlement at Fort Ross. Only a small detachment remained at the Presidio of San Francisco.^[63] Mission Dolores sold most of its property in 1836, retaining only the church and related structures.^[64]

In 1833, Juana Briones de Miranda was granted a small rancho at El Polín Spring, near the Presidio, founding the first non-indigenous civilian household in San Francisco.^[60] In 1834, the pueblo of Yerba Buena was founded. Yerba Buena Cove (named after a native herb) was already a favored anchorage spot and the new settlement and trading post was founded by its shores. Yerba Buena was located in what is now the city’s Chinatown and Financial District and was centered on a plaza that is now Portsmouth Square.^[61][65][66] A land survey of Yerba Buena was made by the Swiss immigrant Jean Jacques Vioget as prelude to the city plan.^[61]

Francisco de Haro, a non-Californio Mexican native,^[relevant?] became the first alcalde of Yerba Buena. The second alcalde José Joaquín Estudillo was a Californio from a prominent Monterey family.^[relevant?] In 1835, while in office, he approved the first land grant in Yerba Buena: to William Richardson, a naturalized Mexican citizen of English birth. Richardson had arrived in San Francisco aboard a whaling ship in 1822. In 1825, he married Maria Antonia Martinez, eldest daughter of the Californio Ygnacio Martínez.^{[61][relevant?]}

Yerba Buena began to attract American and European settlers; an 1842 census listed 21 residents (11%) born in the United States or Europe, as well as one Filipino merchant.^[67] Following the Bear Flag Revolt in Sonoma and the beginning of the U.S. Conquest of California, American forces from the USS Portsmouth under the command of John B. Montgomery captured Yerba Buena on July 9, 1846, with little resistance from the local Californio population, raising the American flag over Yerba Buena plaza (later renamed Portsmouth Square in commemoration of this event).

Following the capture, U.S. forces appointed both José de Jesús Noé and Washington Allon Bartlett to serve as co-alcaldes (mayors), while the conquest continued on in the rest of California. On January 30, 1847, Mayor Bartlett ordained that the city should officially change its name from “Yerba Buena” to “San Francisco”, as the former name was only locally recognized and the latter name was in use on international maps.^[68] There was also concern that a new town being planned by General Vallejo on the Carquinez Strait was to be called “Francisca”, after the first name of his wife. After the name change to “San Francisco”, the name of Vallejo’s town was changed to Benicia, after his wife’s middle name. Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, Alta California was ceded from Mexico to the United States.

Post-Conquest era

[edit]

Despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, post-Conquest San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography.^[69] Situated at the tip of a windswept peninsula without water or firewood, San Francisco lacked most of the basic facilities for a 19th-century settlement. These natural disadvantages forced the town’s residents to bring water, fuel and food to the site.^{[citation needed]} Its 1847 population was said to be 459.^[61]

The California gold rush brought a flood of treasure seekers (known as “forty-niners”, as in “1849”). Prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia,^[70] raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849.^[71] The promise of wealth was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor.^[72] Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons, and hotels; many were left to rot, and some were sunk to establish title to the underwater lot. By 1851, the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870, Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land. Buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings.^[73]

California was quickly granted statehood in 1850, and the U.S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate and a fort on Alcatraz Island to secure San Francisco Bay. San Francisco County was one of the state’s 18 original counties established at California statehood in 1850.^[74] Until 1856, San Francisco’s city limits extended west to Divisadero Street and Castro Street, and south to 20th Street. In 1856, the California state government divided the county. A straight line was then drawn across the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula just north of San Bruno Mountain. Everything south of the line became the new San Mateo County while everything north of the line became the new consolidated City and County of San Francisco.^[75]

The California Gold Rush triggered a wave of entrepreneurial activity as individuals sought to capitalize on the newfound wealth. The discovery of silver deposits, notably the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further fueled rapid population growth and economic expansion.^[77]

San Francisco, as the gateway to the goldfields, experienced a surge in population and commercial activity. However, the influx of fortune seekers also brought challenges. Lawlessness was rampant, and the Barbary Coast district became synonymous with vice, attracting criminals, prostitutes, and illicit activities, including but not limited to prostitution, bootlegging, and gambling.^[78] The rapidly growing population, with its lawlessness, gambling and other vices, and the fact that there were no churches to be found, prompted missionaries like William Taylor to come to San Francisco where he began preaching in the streets, using an upright barrel as his pulpit. Taylor was able to garner enough generous donations from successful gold miners with which he used to build a church.^[79]

One of the most influential figures of this era was William Chapman Ralston. A shrewd banker and investor, Ralston amassed considerable wealth and influence in San Francisco. He gained control over a significant portion of the Comstock Lode‘s gold and silver mines, establishing a virtual monopoly. Using his incredible clout, Ralston was able to generate millions of dollars for San Francisco during its heady boom years.^[80] He founded the Bank of California, the first bank in the Western United States, and built the opulent Palace Hotel, a symbol of San Francisco’s newfound prosperity and the largest hotel in the country at the time.^[81] His financial empire, however, collapsed in 1875 as a result of the Panic of 1873, triggering a major economic crisis in San Francisco.

Development of the Port of San Francisco and the establishment in 1869 of overland access to the eastern U.S. rail system via the newly completed Pacific Railroad (the construction of which the city only reluctantly helped support^[82]) helped make the Bay Area a center for trade. Catering to the needs and tastes of the growing population, Levi Strauss opened a dry goods business and Domingo Ghirardelli began manufacturing chocolate. Chinese immigrants made the city a polyglot culture, drawn to “Old Gold Mountain”, creating the city’s Chinatown quarter. By 1880, Chinese made up 9.3% of the population.^[83]

The first cable cars carried San Franciscans up Clay Street in 1873. The city’s sea of Victorian houses began to take shape, and civic leaders campaigned for a spacious public park, resulting in plans for Golden Gate Park. San Franciscans built schools, churches, theaters, and all the hallmarks of civic life. The Presidio developed into the most important American military installation on the Pacific coast.^[84] By 1890, San Francisco’s population approached 300,000, making it the eighth-largest city in the United States at the time. Around 1901, San Francisco was a major city known for its flamboyant style, stately hotels, ostentatious mansions on Nob Hill, and a thriving arts scene.^[85] The first North American plague epidemic was the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904.^[86]

1906 earthquake and interwar era

[edit]

At 5:12 am on April 18, 1906, a major earthquake struck San Francisco and northern California. As buildings collapsed from the shaking, ruptured gas lines ignited fires that spread across the city and burned out of control for several days. With water mains out of service, the Presidio Artillery Corps attempted to contain the inferno by dynamiting blocks of buildings to create firebreaks.^[87] More than three-quarters of the city lay in ruins, including almost all of the downtown core.^[28] Contemporary accounts reported that 498 people died, though modern estimates put the number in the several thousands.^[88] More than half of the city’s population of 400,000 was left homeless.^[89] Refugees settled temporarily in makeshift tent villages in Golden Gate Park, the Presidio, on the beaches, and elsewhere. Many fled permanently to the East Bay. Jack London is remembered for having famously eulogized the earthquake: “Not in history has a modern imperial city been so completely destroyed. San Francisco is gone.”^[90]

Rebuilding was rapid and performed on a grand scale. Rejecting calls to completely remake the street grid, San Franciscans opted for speed.^[91] Amadeo Giannini‘s Bank of Italy, later to become Bank of America, provided loans for many of those whose livelihoods had been devastated. The influential San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association or SPUR was founded in 1910 to address the quality of housing after the earthquake.^[92] The earthquake hastened development of western neighborhoods that survived the fire, including Pacific Heights, where many of the city’s wealthy rebuilt their homes.^[93] In turn, the destroyed mansions of Nob Hill became grand hotels. City Hall rose again in the Beaux Arts style, and the city celebrated its rebirth at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in 1915.^[94]

During this period, San Francisco built some of its most important infrastructure. Civil Engineer Michael O’Shaughnessy was hired by San Francisco Mayor James Rolph as chief engineer for the city in September 1912 to supervise the construction of the Twin Peaks Reservoir, the Stockton Street Tunnel, the Twin Peaks Tunnel, the San Francisco Municipal Railway, the Auxiliary Water Supply System, and new sewers. San Francisco’s streetcar system, of which the J, K, L, M, and N lines survive today, was pushed to completion by O’Shaughnessy between 1915 and 1927. It was the O’Shaughnessy Dam, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, and Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct that would have the largest effect on San Francisco.^[95] An abundant water supply enabled San Francisco to develop into the city it has become today.

In ensuing years, the city solidified its standing as a financial capital; in the wake of the 1929 stock market crash, not a single San Francisco-based bank failed.^[96] Indeed, it was at the height of the Great Depression that San Francisco undertook two great civil engineering projects, simultaneously constructing the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge, completing them in 1936 and 1937, respectively. It was in this period that the island of Alcatraz, a former military stockade, began its service as a federal maximum security prison, housing notorious inmates such as Al Capone, and Robert Franklin Stroud, the Birdman of Alcatraz. San Francisco later celebrated its regained grandeur with a World’s fair, the Golden Gate International Exposition in 1939–40, creating Treasure Island in the middle of the bay to house it.^[97]

Contemporary era

[edit]

See also: San Francisco in the 1970s

During World War II, the city-owned Sharp Park in Pacifica was used as an internment camp to detain Japanese Americans.^[98] Hunters Point Naval Shipyard became a hub of activity, and Fort Mason became the primary port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater of Operations.^[29] The explosion of jobs drew many people, especially African Americans from the South, to the area. After the end of the war, many military personnel returning from service abroad and civilians who had originally come to work decided to stay. The United Nations Charter creating the United Nations was drafted and signed in San Francisco in 1945 and, in 1951, the Treaty of San Francisco re-established peaceful relations between Japan and the Allied Powers.^[99]

Urban planning projects in the 1950s and 1960s involved widespread destruction and redevelopment of west-side neighborhoods and the construction of new freeways, of which only a series of short segments were built before being halted by citizen-led opposition.^[100] The onset of containerization made San Francisco’s small piers obsolete, and cargo activity moved to the larger Port of Oakland.^[101] The city began to lose industrial jobs and turned to tourism as the most important segment of its economy.^[102] The suburbs experienced rapid growth, and San Francisco underwent significant demographic change, as large segments of the white population left the city, supplanted by an increasing wave of immigration from Asia and Latin America.^[103][104] From 1950 to 1980, the city lost over 10 percent of its population.

Over this period, San Francisco became a magnet for America’s counterculture movement. Beat Generation writers fueled the San Francisco Renaissance and centered on the North Beach neighborhood in the 1950s.^[105] Hippies flocked to Haight-Ashbury in the 1960s, reaching a peak with the 1967 Summer of Love.^[106] In 1974, the Zebra murders left at least 16 people dead.^[107] In the 1970s, the city became a center of the gay rights movement, with the emergence of The Castro as an urban gay village, the election of Harvey Milk to the Board of Supervisors, and his assassination, along with that of Mayor George Moscone, in 1978.^[108]

Bank of America, now based in Charlotte, North Carolina, was founded in San Francisco; the bank completed 555 California Street in 1969. The Transamerica Pyramid was completed in 1972,^[109] igniting a wave of “Manhattanization” that lasted until the late 1980s, a period of extensive high-rise development downtown.^[110] The 1980s also saw a dramatic increase in the number of homeless people in the city, an issue that remains today, despite many attempts to address it.^[111]

The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake caused destruction and loss of life throughout the Bay Area. In San Francisco, the quake severely damaged structures in the Marina and South of Market districts and precipitated the demolition of the damaged Embarcadero Freeway and much of the damaged Central Freeway, allowing the city to reclaim The Embarcadero as its historic downtown waterfront and revitalizing the Hayes Valley neighborhood.^[112]

The two recent decades have seen booms driven by the internet industry. During the dot-com boom of the late 1990s, startup companies invigorated the San Francisco economy. Large numbers of entrepreneurs and computer application developers moved into the city, followed by marketing, design, and sales professionals, changing the social landscape as once poorer neighborhoods became increasingly gentrified.^[113] Demand for new housing and office space ignited a second wave of high-rise development, this time in the South of Market district.^[114] By 2000, the city’s population reached new highs, surpassing the previous record set in 1950. When the bubble burst in 2001 and again in 2023, many of these companies folded and their employees were laid off. Yet high technology and entrepreneurship remain mainstays of the San Francisco economy. By the mid-2000s (decade), the social media boom had begun, with San Francisco becoming a popular location for tech offices and a common place to live for people employed in Silicon Valley companies such as Apple and Google.^[115]

The early 2020s featured an exodus of tech companies from Downtown San Francisco in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and struggles with homelessness and public drug use. Although some observers have raised the possibility that office vacancies and declining tax revenues could cause San Francisco to enter an economic doom loop,^[116][117] other sources have refuted this broad-based characterization of the city as a whole, asserting that the issues of concern are restricted primarily to the urban core of San Francisco.^[42][118] As of March 2024, Union Square was in “sorry shape” and had lost its traditional position as the Bay Area’s regional shopping hub^[119] to Westfield Valley Fair in San Jose.^[120]

The Ferry Station Post Office Building, Armour & Co. Building, Atherton House, and YMCA Hotel are historic buildings among dozens of historical landmarks in the city, according to the National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco.^[121]

Geography

[edit]

San Francisco is located on the West Coast of the United States, at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula and includes significant stretches of the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay within its boundaries. Several picturesque islands—Alcatraz, Treasure Island and the adjacent Yerba Buena Island, and small portions of Alameda Island, Red Rock Island, and Angel Island—are part of the city. Also included are the uninhabited Farallon Islands, 27 miles (43 km) offshore in the Pacific Ocean. The mainland within the city limits roughly forms a “seven-by-seven-mile square”, a common local colloquialism referring to the city’s shape, though its total area, including water, is nearly 232 square miles (600 km²).

There are more than 50 hills within the city limits.^[122] Some neighborhoods are named after the hill on which they are situated, including Nob Hill, Potrero Hill, and Russian Hill. Near the geographic center of the city, southwest of the downtown area, are a series of less densely populated hills. Twin Peaks, a pair of hills forming one of the city’s highest points, forms an overlook spot. San Francisco’s tallest hill, Mount Davidson, is 928 feet (283 m) high and is capped with a 103-foot (31 m) tall cross built in 1934.^[123] Dominating this area is Sutro Tower, a large red and white radio and television transmission tower reaching 1,811 ft (552 m) above sea level.

The nearby San Andreas and Hayward Faults are responsible for much earthquake activity, although neither physically passes through the city itself. The San Andreas Fault caused the earthquakes in 1906 and 1989. Minor earthquakes occur on a regular basis. The threat of major earthquakes plays a large role in the city’s infrastructure development. The city constructed an auxiliary water supply system and has repeatedly upgraded its building codes, requiring retrofits for older buildings and higher engineering standards for new construction.^[124] However, there are still thousands of smaller buildings that remain vulnerable to quake damage.^[125] USGS has released the California earthquake forecast which models earthquake occurrence in California.^[126]

San Francisco’s shoreline has grown beyond its natural limits. Entire neighborhoods such as the Marina, Mission Bay, and Hunters Point, as well as large sections of the Embarcadero, sit on areas of landfill. Treasure Island was constructed from material dredged from the bay as well as material resulting from the excavation of the Yerba Buena Tunnel through Yerba Buena Island during the construction of the Bay Bridge. Such land tends to be unstable during earthquakes. The resulting soil liquefaction causes extensive damage to property built upon it, as was evidenced in the Marina district during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.^[127] A few natural lakes and creeks (Lake Merced, Mountain Lake, Pine Lake, Lobos Creek, El Polin Spring) are within parks and remain protected in what is essentially their original form, but most of the city’s natural watercourses, such as Islais Creek and Mission Creek, have been partially or completely culverted and built over. Since the 1990s, however, the Public Utilities Commission has been studying proposals to daylight or restore some creeks.^[128]

Neighborhoods

[edit]

Main articles: Neighborhoods in San Francisco and List of Landmarks and Historic Places in San Francisco

See also: List of tallest buildings in San Francisco

An Historical Center of San Francisco monument,^[129] where the 1899–1906 City Hall was once located,^[130] is in United Nations Plaza, at 37.7800397°N 122.4135943°W

The earliest center of San Francisco is Portsmouth Square, in the northeast quadrant of the city anchored by Market Street and the waterfront. Here in the northeast quadrant, the Financial District is centered, with Union Square, the principal shopping and hotel district, and the Tenderloin nearby. Cable cars carry riders up steep inclines to the summit of Nob Hill, once the home of the city’s business tycoons, and down to the waterfront tourist attractions of Fisherman’s Wharf, and Pier 39, where many restaurants feature Dungeness crab from a still-active fishing industry. Also in this quadrant are Russian Hill, a residential neighborhood with the famously crooked Lombard Street; North Beach, the city’s Little Italy and the former center of the Beat Generation; and Telegraph Hill, which features Coit Tower. Abutting Russian Hill and North Beach is San Francisco’s Chinatown, the oldest Chinatown in North America.^{[131][132][133][134]} The South of Market, which was once San Francisco’s industrial core, has seen significant redevelopment following the construction of Oracle Park and an infusion of startup companies. New skyscrapers, live-work lofts, and condominiums dot the area. Further development is taking place just to the south in Mission Bay area, a former railroad yard, which now has a second campus of the University of California, San Francisco and Chase Center, which opened in 2019 as the new home of the Golden State Warriors.^[135]

West of downtown, across Van Ness Avenue, lies the large Western Addition neighborhood, which became established with a large African American population after World War II. The Western Addition is usually divided into smaller neighborhoods including Hayes Valley, the Fillmore, and Japantown, which was once the largest Japantown in North America but suffered when its Japanese American residents were forcibly removed and interned during World War II. The Western Addition survived the 1906 earthquake with its Victorians largely intact, including the famous “Painted Ladies“, standing alongside Alamo Square. To the south, near the geographic center of the city is Haight-Ashbury, famously associated with 1960s hippie culture.^[136] The Haight is now^[timeframe?] home to some expensive boutiques^{[137][better source needed]} and a few controversial chain stores,^[138] although it still retains^{[timeframe?][citation needed]} some bohemian character.

North of the Western Addition is Pacific Heights, an affluent neighborhood that features the homes built by wealthy San Franciscans in the wake of the 1906 earthquake. Directly north of Pacific Heights facing the waterfront is the Marina, a neighborhood popular with young professionals that was largely built on reclaimed land from the Bay.^[139]

In the southeast quadrant of the city is the Mission District—populated in the 19th century by Californios and working-class immigrants from Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Scandinavia. In the 1910s, a wave of Central American immigrants settled in the Mission and, in the 1950s, immigrants from Mexico began to predominate.^[140] In recent years, gentrification has changed the demographics of parts of the Mission from Latino, to twenty-something professionals. Noe Valley to the southwest and Bernal Heights to the south are both increasingly popular among young families with children. East of the Mission is the Potrero Hill neighborhood, a mostly residential neighborhood that features sweeping views of downtown San Francisco. West of the Mission, the area historically known as Eureka Valley, now popularly called the Castro, was once a working-class Scandinavian and Irish area. It has become North America’s first gay village, and is now the center of gay life in the city.^[141] Located near the city’s southern border, the Excelsior District is one of the most ethnically diverse neighborhoods in San Francisco. The Bayview-Hunters Point in the far southeast corner of the city is one of the poorest neighborhoods, though the area has been the focus of several revitalizing and urban renewal projects.

The construction of the Twin Peaks Tunnel in 1918 connected southwest neighborhoods to downtown via streetcar, hastening the development of West Portal, and nearby affluent Forest Hill and St. Francis Wood. Further west, stretching all the way to the Pacific Ocean and north to Golden Gate Park lies the vast Sunset District, a large middle-class area with a predominantly Asian population.^[142]

The northwestern quadrant of the city contains the Richmond, a mostly middle-class neighborhood north of Golden Gate Park, home to immigrants from other parts of Asia as well as many Russian and Ukrainian immigrants. Together, these areas are known as The Avenues. These two districts are each sometimes further divided into two regions: the Outer Richmond and Outer Sunset can refer to the more western portions of their respective district and the Inner Richmond and Inner Sunset can refer to the more eastern portions.

Many piers remained derelict for years until the demolition of the Embarcadero Freeway reopened the downtown waterfront, allowing for redevelopment. The centerpiece of the port, the Ferry Building, while still receiving commuter ferry traffic, has been restored and redeveloped as a gourmet marketplace.

Climate

[edit]

San Francisco has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csb, Trewartha: Csll), characteristic of California’s coast, with moist winters and dry summers.^[143] San Francisco’s weather is strongly influenced by the cool currents of the Pacific Ocean on the west side of the city, and the water of San Francisco Bay to the north and east. This moderates temperature swings and produces a remarkably mild year-round climate with little seasonal temperature variation.^[144]

Among major U.S. cities, San Francisco has the coolest daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures for June, July, and August.^[145] During the summer, rising hot air in California’s interior valleys creates a low-pressure area that draws winds from the North Pacific High through the Golden Gate, which creates the city’s characteristic cool winds and fog.^[146] The fog is less pronounced in eastern neighborhoods and during the late summer and early fall. As a result, the year’s warmest month, on average, is September, and on average, October is warmer than July, especially in daytime.

Temperatures reach or exceed 80 °F (27 °C) on an average of only 21 and 23 days a year at downtown and San Francisco International Airport (SFO), respectively.^[147] The dry period of May to October is mild to warm, with the normal monthly mean temperature peaking in September at 62.7 °F (17.1 °C).^[147] The rainy period of November to April is slightly cooler, with the normal monthly mean temperature reaching its lowest in January at 51.3 °F (10.7 °C).^[147] On average, there are 73 rainy days a year, and annual precipitation averages 23.65 inches (601 mm).^[147] Variation in precipitation from year to year is high. Above-average rain years are often associated with warm El Niño conditions in the Pacific while dry years often occur in cold water La Niña periods. In 2013 (a “La Niña” year), a record low 5.59 in (142 mm) of rainfall was recorded at downtown San Francisco, where records have been kept since 1849.^[147] Snowfall in the city is very rare, with only 10 measurable accumulations recorded since 1852, most recently in 1976 when up to 5 inches (13 cm) fell on Twin Peaks.^[148][149]

The highest recorded temperature at the official National Weather Service downtown observation station^[a] was 106 °F (41 °C) on September 1, 2017.^[151] During that hot spell, the warmest ever night of 71 °F (22 °C) was also recorded.^[152] The lowest recorded temperature was 27 °F (−3 °C) on December 11, 1932.^[153]

During an average year between 1991 and 2020, San Francisco recorded a warmest night at 64 °F (18 °C) and a coldest day at 49 °F (9 °C).^[147] The coldest daytime high since the station’s opening in 1945 was recorded in December 1972 at 37 °F (3 °C).^[147]

As a coastal city, San Francisco will be heavily affected by climate change. As of 2021, sea levels are projected to rise by as much as 5 feet (1.5 m), resulting in periodic flooding, rising groundwater levels, and lowland floods from more severe storms.^[154]

San Francisco falls under the USDA 10b Plant hardiness zone, though some areas, particularly downtown, border zone 11a.^[155][156]

hidevteClimate data for San Francisco (downtown),[b] 1991–2020 normals,[c] extremes 1849–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	79 (26)	81 (27)	87 (31)	94 (34)	97 (36)	103 (39)	99 (37)	98 (37)	106 (41)	102 (39)	86 (30)	76 (24)	106 (41)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	67.1 (19.5)	71.8 (22.1)	76.4 (24.7)	80.7 (27.1)	81.4 (27.4)	84.6 (29.2)	80.5 (26.9)	83.4 (28.6)	90.8 (32.7)	87.9 (31.1)	75.8 (24.3)	66.4 (19.1)	94.0 (34.4)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	57.8 (14.3)	60.4 (15.8)	62.1 (16.7)	63.0 (17.2)	64.1 (17.8)	66.5 (19.2)	66.3 (19.1)	67.9 (19.9)	70.2 (21.2)	69.8 (21.0)	63.7 (17.6)	57.9 (14.4)	64.1 (17.8)
Daily mean °F (°C)	52.2 (11.2)	54.2 (12.3)	55.5 (13.1)	56.4 (13.6)	57.8 (14.3)	59.7 (15.4)	60.3 (15.7)	61.7 (16.5)	62.9 (17.2)	62.1 (16.7)	57.2 (14.0)	52.5 (11.4)	57.7 (14.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	46.6 (8.1)	47.9 (8.8)	48.9 (9.4)	49.7 (9.8)	51.4 (10.8)	53.0 (11.7)	54.4 (12.4)	55.5 (13.1)	55.6 (13.1)	54.4 (12.4)	50.7 (10.4)	47.0 (8.3)	51.3 (10.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	40.5 (4.7)	42.0 (5.6)	43.7 (6.5)	45.0 (7.2)	48.0 (8.9)	50.1 (10.1)	51.6 (10.9)	52.9 (11.6)	52.0 (11.1)	49.9 (9.9)	44.9 (7.2)	40.7 (4.8)	38.8 (3.8)
Record low °F (°C)	29 (−2)	31 (−1)	33 (1)	40 (4)	42 (6)	46 (8)	47 (8)	46 (8)	47 (8)	43 (6)	38 (3)	27 (−3)	27 (−3)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	4.40 (112)	4.37 (111)	3.15 (80)	1.60 (41)	0.70 (18)	0.20 (5.1)	0.01 (0.25)	0.06 (1.5)	0.10 (2.5)	0.94 (24)	2.60 (66)	4.76 (121)	22.89 (581)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	11.2	10.8	10.8	6.8	4.0	1.6	0.7	1.1	1.2	3.5	7.9	11.6	71.2
Average relative humidity (%)	80	77	75	72	72	71	75	75	73	71	75	78	75
Mean monthly sunshine hours	185.9	207.7	269.1	309.3	325.1	311.4	313.3	287.4	271.4	247.1	173.4	160.6	3,061.7
Percent possible sunshine	61	69	73	78	74	70	70	68	73	71	57	54	69
Average ultraviolet index	2	3	5	7	9	10	10	9	7	5	3	2	6
Source 1: NOAA (sun 1961–1974)[147][157][158][159]
Source 2: Met Office (humidity),[160] Weather Atlas (UV)[161]

Ecology

[edit]

Historically, tule elk were present in San Francisco County, based on archeological evidence of elk remains in at least five different Native American shellmounds: at Hunter’s Point, Fort Mason, Stevenson Street, Market Street, and Yerba Buena.^[162][163] Perhaps the first historical observer record was from the De Anza Expedition on March 23, 1776. Herbert Eugene Bolton wrote about the expedition camp at Mountain Lake, near the southern end of today’s Presidio: “Round about were grazing deer, and scattered here and there were the antlers of large elk.”^[164] Also, when Richard Henry Dana Jr. visited San Francisco Bay in 1835, he wrote about vast elk herds near the Golden Gate: on December 27 “…we came to anchor near the mouth of the bay, under a high and beautifully sloping hill, upon which herds of hundreds and hundreds of red deer [note: “red deer” is the European term for “elk”], and the stag, with his high branching antlers, were bounding about…”, although it is not clear whether this was the Marin side or the San Francisco side.^[165]

Demographics

[edit]

Main article: Demographics of San Francisco

Year	Pop.	±%
1848	1,000	—
1849	25,000	+2400.0%
1852	34,776	+39.1%
1860	56,802	+63.3%
1870	149,473	+163.1%
1880	233,959	+56.5%
1890	298,997	+27.8%
1900	342,782	+14.6%
1910	416,912	+21.6%
1920	506,676	+21.5%
1930	634,394	+25.2%
1940	634,536	+0.0%
1950	775,357	+22.2%
1960	740,316	−4.5%
1970	715,674	−3.3%
1980	678,974	−5.1%
1990	723,959	+6.6%
2000	776,733	+7.3%
2010	805,235	+3.7%
2020	873,965	+8.5%
2023	808,988	−7.4%
https://www.sfchronicle.com/sf/article/s-f-exodus-population-recovery-data-18564064.php

The 2020 United States census showed San Francisco’s population to be 873,965, an increase of 8.5% from the 2010 census.^[14] With roughly one-quarter the population density of Manhattan, San Francisco is the second-most densely populated large American city, behind only New York City among cities greater than 200,000 population, and the fifth-most densely populated U.S. county, following only four of the five New York City boroughs.

San Francisco is part of the five-county San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, a region of 4.7 million people (13th most populous in the U.S.), and has served as its traditional demographic focal point. It is also part of the greater 14-county San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area, whose population is over 9.6 million, making it the fifth-largest in the United States as of 2018.^{[166][failed verification]}

Race, ethnicity, religion, and languages

[edit]

As of the 2020 census, the racial makeup and population of San Francisco included: 361,382 Whites (41.3%), 296,505 Asians (33.9%), 46,725 African Americans (5.3%), 86,233 Multiracial Americans (9.9%), 6,475 Native Americans and Alaska Natives (0.7%), 3,476 Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders (0.4%) and 73,169 persons of other races (8.4%). There were 136,761 Hispanic or Latino residents of any race (15.6%).

San Francisco is a majority minority city, as non-Hispanic White residents comprise less than half of the population; in 1940 they formed 92.5% of the population.^[167]

In 2010, residents of Chinese ethnicity constituted the largest single ethnic minority group in San Francisco at 21% of the population; other large Asian groups include Filipinos (5%) and Vietnamese (2%), with Japanese, Koreans and many other Asian and Pacific Islander groups represented in the city.^[168] The population of Chinese ancestry is most heavily concentrated in Chinatown and the Sunset and Richmond Districts. Filipinos are most concentrated in SoMa and the Crocker-Amazon; the latter neighborhood shares a border with Daly City, which has one of the highest concentrations of Filipinos in North America.^[168][169] The Tenderloin District is home to a large portion of the city’s Vietnamese population as well as businesses and restaurants, which is known as the city’s Little Saigon.^[168]

The principal Hispanic groups in the city were those of Mexican (7%) and Salvadoran (2%) ancestry. The Hispanic population is most heavily concentrated in the Mission District, Tenderloin District, and Excelsior District.^[170] The city’s percentage of Hispanic residents is less than half of that of the state.

African Americans constituted about 5% of San Francisco’s population in 2020; their share of the city’s population has been decreasing since the 1970s.^[171] The majority of the city’s Black residents live in the neighborhoods of Bayview-Hunters Point, Visitacion Valley, and the Fillmore District.^[170] There are smaller Black communities in Diamond Heights, Glen Park, and Mission District.

The city has long been home to a significant Jewish community; in 2018 Jewish Americans made up an estimated 10% (80,000) of the city’s population. It the third-largest Jewish community in proportional terms in the United States, behind only those of New York City, and Los Angeles, respectively, and it is also relatively young compared to other major U.S. cities.^[172] The Jewish community resides throughout the city, but the Richmond District is home to an ethnic enclave of mostly Russian Jews.^[173] The Fillmore District was formerly a mostly Jewish neighborhood from the 1920s until the 1970s, when many of its Jewish residents moved to other neighborhoods of the city as well as the suburbs of nearby Marin County.^[174]

hideDemographic profile[175]186018801920196019801990200020102020[176]Non-Hispanic White alone90.2%87.7%93.5%72.7%52.8%46.9%43.5%41.7%39.1%Non-Hispanic Asian alone4.6%9.3%2.7%7.9%21.3%28.0%30.7%33.1%33.7%— Chinese American4.6%9.3%1.5%5.1%12.1%17.6%20.0%19.8%21.0%— Filipino American——0.2%1.5%5.2%5.4%5.0%4.9%4.4%Hispanic or Latino, any race(s)3.0%2.4%3.4%9.4%12.6%13.3%14.2%15.2%15.6%— Mexican American1.8%1.4%1.5%5.1%5.0%5.2%6.0%7.5%7.9%Non-Hispanic Black alone2.1%0.6%0.4%9.7%12.3%10.7%7.6%6.0%5.1%Non-Hispanic Pacific Islander alone——<0.1%—0.2%0.4%0.4%0.5%0.3%Non-Hispanic Native American alone<0.1%<0.1%<0.1%0.1%0.4%0.4%0.3%0.3%0.2%Non-Hispanic other———0.2%0.4%0.2%0.3%0.3%0.8%Non-Hispanic two or more races——————3.0%2.9%5.2%Foreign-born[d]50.2%44.5%30.1%20.2%29.5%35.4%38.4%38.2%34.2%See also: Demographics of San Francisco § Historical estimatesSource: U.S. Census and IPUMS USA[175]

According to a 2018 study by the Jewish Community Federation of San Francisco, Jews make up 10% (80,000) of the city’s population, making Judaism the second-largest religion in San Francisco after Christianity.^[172] A prior 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, the largest religious groupings in San Francisco’s metropolitan area are Christians (48%), followed by those of no religion (35%), Hindus (5%), Jews (3%), Buddhists (2%), Muslims (1%) and a variety of other religions have smaller followings. According to the same study by the Pew Research Center, about 20% of residents in the area are Protestant, and 25% professing Roman Catholic beliefs. Meanwhile, 10% of the residents in metropolitan San Francisco identify as agnostics, while 5% identify as atheists.^[177][178]

As of 2010, 55% (411,728) of San Francisco residents spoke only English at home, while 19% (140,302) spoke a variety of Chinese (mostly Taishanese and Cantonese^[179][180]), 12% (88,147) Spanish, 3% (25,767) Tagalog, and 2% (14,017) Russian. In total, 45% (342,693) of San Francisco’s population spoke a language at home other than English.^[181]

Ethnic clustering

[edit]

San Francisco has several prominent Chinese, Mexican, and Filipino neighborhoods including Chinatown and the Mission District. Research collected on the immigrant clusters in the city show that more than half of the Asian population in San Francisco is either Chinese-born (40.3%) or Philippine-born (13.1%), and of the Mexican population 21% were Mexican-born, meaning these are people who recently immigrated to the United States.^[182] Between the years of 1990 and 2000, the number of foreign-born residents increased from 33% to nearly 40%.^[182] During this same time period, the San Francisco metropolitan area received 850,000 immigrants, ranking third in the United States after Los Angeles and New York.^[182]

Education, households, and income

[edit]

Of all major cities in the United States, San Francisco has the second-highest percentage of residents with a college degree, second only to Seattle. Over 44% of adults have a bachelor’s or higher degree.^[184] San Francisco had the highest rate at 7,031 per square mile, or over 344,000 total graduates in the city’s 46.7 square miles (121 km²).^[185]

San Francisco has the highest estimated percentage of gay and lesbian individuals of any of the 50 largest U.S. cities, at 15%.^[186] San Francisco also has the highest percentage of same-sex households of any American county, with the Bay Area having a higher concentration than any other metropolitan area.^[187]

San Francisco ranks third of American cities in median household income^[188] with a 2007 value of $65,519.^[189] Median family income is $81,136.^[189] An emigration of middle-class families has left the city with a lower proportion of children than any other large American city,^[190] with the dog population cited as exceeding the child population of 115,000, in 2018.^[191] The city’s poverty rate is 12%, lower than the national average.^[192] Homelessness has been a chronic problem for San Francisco since the early 1970s.^[193] The city is believed to have the highest number of homeless inhabitants per capita of any major U.S. city.^[194][195]

There are 345,811 households in the city, out of which: 133,366 households (39%) were individuals, 109,437 (32%) were opposite-sex married couples, 63,577 (18%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 21,677 (6%) were unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 10,384 (3%) were same-sex married couples or partnerships. The average household size was 2.26; the average family size was 3.11. 452,986 people (56%) lived in rental housing units, and 327,985 people (41%) lived in owner-occupied housing units. The median age of the city population is 38 years.

San Francisco declared itself a sanctuary city in 1989, and city officials strengthened the stance in 2013 with its ‘Due Process for All’ ordinance. The law declared local authorities could not hold immigrants for immigration offenses if they had no violent felonies on their records and did not currently face charges.^[196] The city issues a Resident ID Card regardless of the applicant’s immigration status.^[197]

Homelessness

[edit]

See also: Homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area

Homelessness in San Francisco emerged as a major issue in the late 20th century and remains a growing problem in modern times.^[198]

8,035 homeless people were counted in San Francisco’s 2019 point-in-time street and shelter count. This was an increase of more than 17% over the 2017 count of 6,858 people. 5,180 of the people were living unsheltered on the streets and in parks.^[199] 26% of respondents in the 2019 count identified job loss as the primary cause of their homelessness, 18% cited alcohol or drug use, and 13% cited being evicted from their residence.^[199] The city of San Francisco has been dramatically increasing its spending to service the growing population homelessness crisis: spending jumped by $241 million in 2016–17 to total $275 million, compared to a budget of just $34 million the previous year. In 2017–18 the budget for combatting homelessness stood at $305 million.^[200] In the 2019–2020 budget year, the city budgeted $368 million for homelessness services. In the proposed 2020–2021 budget the city budgeted $850 million for homelessness services.^[201]

In January 2018 a United Nations special rapporteur on homelessness, Leilani Farha, stated that she was “completely shocked” by San Francisco’s homelessness crisis during a visit to the city. She compared the “deplorable conditions” of the homeless camps she witnessed on San Francisco’s streets to those she had seen in Mumbai.^[200] In May 2020, San Francisco officially sanctioned homeless encampments.^[202]

According to San Francisco’s Point-in-Time (PIT) count, the homeless population in 2024 is approximately 8,323 individuals. Additionally, over 20,000 people in the city seeking homeless services.^[203]

Crime

[edit]

Main article: Crime in San Francisco

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2024)

San Francisco’s violent crime rate is low compared to other major cities, though many residents are still concerned about it.^[204]

In 2011, 50 murders were reported, which is 6.1 per 100,000 people.^[205] There were about 134 rapes, 3,142 robberies, and about 2,139 assaults. There were about 4,469 burglaries, 25,100 thefts, and 4,210 motor vehicle thefts.^[206] The Tenderloin area has the highest crime rate in San Francisco: 70% of the city’s violent crimes, and around one-fourth of the city’s murders, occur in this neighborhood. The Tenderloin also sees high rates of drug abuse, gang violence, and prostitution.^[207] Another area with high crime rates is the Bayview-Hunters Point area. In the first six months of 2015 there were 25 murders compared to 14 in the first six months of 2014. However, the murder rate is still much lower than in past decades.^[208] That rate, though, did rise again by the close of 2016. According to the San Francisco Police Department, there were 59 murders in the city in 2016, an annual total that marked a 13.5% increase in the number of homicides (52) from 2015.^[209] The city has also gained a reputation for car break-ins, with over 19,000 car break-ins occurring in 2021.^[210]

During the first half of 2018, human feces on San Francisco sidewalks were the second-most-frequent complaint of city residents, with about 65 calls per day. The city has formed a “poop patrol” to attempt to combat the problem.^[211]

In January 2022, CBS News reported that a single suspect was “responsible for more than half of all reported hate crimes against the API community in San Francisco last year”, and that he “was allowed to be out of custody despite the number of charges against him”.^[212]

Several street gangs have operated in the city over the decades, including MS-13,^[213] the Sureños and Norteños in the Mission District.^[214]

African-American street gangs familiar in other cities, including the Bloods, Crips and their sets, have struggled to establish footholds in San Francisco,^[215] while police and prosecutors have been accused of liberally labeling young African-American males as gang members.^[216]

Criminal gangs with shot callers in China, including Triad groups such as the Wo Hop To, were active in San Francisco in the 20th century.^[217] According to statistics released by SFPD in April 2024, the crime figures were down in the first 100 days of the year, namely in terms of robberies, burglaries and larceny.^[218] In the first half of 2024, San Francisco experienced a 32% decrease in overall crime compared to the previous year. Personal property theft saw a 41% reduction, and violent crimes, including gun-related incidents, decreased by 30%.^[219]

Economy

[edit]

See also: List of companies based in San Francisco

The city has a diversified service economy, with employment spread across a wide range of professional services, including tourism, financial services, and high technology.^[221] In 2016, approximately 27% of workers were employed in professional business services; 14% in leisure and hospitality; 13% in government services; 12% in education and health care; 11% in trade, transportation, and utilities; and 8% in financial activities.^[221] In 2023, GDP in the five-county San Francisco metropolitan area grew 3.4% in real terms to $779 billion.^[40] Additionally, in 2023 the 14-county San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland combined statistical area had a GDP of $1.397 trillion, ranking 3rd among CSAs, and ahead of all but 15 countries. As of 2023, San Francisco County ranked 11th by income per capita among U.S. counties, with a per capita personal income of $164,807.^[222] Marin County, directly to the north over the Golden Gate Bridge, and San Mateo County, directly to the south on the Peninsula, were the 7th and 9th highest-income counties respectively.

The legacy of the California gold rush turned San Francisco into the principal banking and finance center of the West Coast in the early twentieth century.^[223] Montgomery Street in the Financial District became known as the “Wall Street of the West“, home to the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and the site of the now-defunct Pacific Coast Stock Exchange.^[223] Bank of America, a pioneer in making banking services accessible to the middle class, was founded in San Francisco and in the 1960s, built the landmark modern skyscraper at 555 California Street for its corporate headquarters, since relocated to Charlotte, North Carolina. Many large financial institutions, multinational banks, and venture capital firms are based in or have regional headquarters in the city. With over 30 international financial institutions,^[224] six Fortune 500 companies,^[225] and a large supporting infrastructure of professional services—including law, public relations, architecture and design—San Francisco is designated as an Alpha(-) World City.^[226] The 2024 Global Financial Centres Index ranked San Francisco as the fifth-most competitive financial center in the world.^[41]

Beginning in the 1990s, San Francisco’s economy diversified away from finance and tourism towards the growing fields of high tech, biotechnology, and medical research.^[227] Technology jobs accounted for just 1 percent of San Francisco’s economy in 1990, growing to 4 percent in 2010 and an estimated 8 percent by the end of 2013.^[228] San Francisco became a center of Internet start-up companies during the dot-com bubble of the 1990s and the subsequent social media boom of the late 2000s (decade).^[229] Since 2010, San Francisco proper has attracted an increasing share of venture capital investments as compared to nearby Silicon Valley, attracting 423 financings worth US$4.58 billion in 2013.^{[230][231][232]} In 2004, the city approved a payroll tax exemption for biotechnology companies^[233] to foster growth in the Mission Bay neighborhood, site of a second campus and hospital of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Mission Bay hosts the UCSF Medical Center, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, and Gladstone Institutes,^[234] as well as more than 40 private-sector life sciences companies.^[235]

According to academic Rob Wilson, San Francisco is a global city, a status that pre-dated the city’s popularity during the California gold rush.^[237] However, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to high office vacancy rates and the closure of many retail and tech businesses in the downtown core of San Francisco.^[238][239] Attributed causes include a shift to remote work in the technology and professional services sectors, as well as high levels of homelessness, drug use, and crime in areas around downtown San Francisco, such as the Tenderloin and Mid-Market neighborhoods.^[240][241]

The top employer in San Francisco is the city government itself, employing 5.6% (35,000+ people) of the city’s workforce, followed by UCSF with over 29,000 employees.^[242] The largest private-sector employer is Salesforce, with 11,953 employees, as of 2024. Small businesses with fewer than 10 employees and self-employed firms made up 85% of city establishments in 2006,^[243] and the number of San Franciscans employed by firms of more than 1,000 employees has fallen by half since 1977.^[244] The growth of national big box and formula retail chains into the city has been made intentionally difficult by political and civic consensus. In an effort to buoy small privately owned businesses in San Francisco and preserve the unique retail personality of the city, the Small Business Commission started a publicity campaign in 2004 to keep a larger share of retail dollars in the local economy,^[245] and the Board of Supervisors has used the planning code to limit the neighborhoods where formula retail establishments can set up shop,^[246] an effort affirmed by San Francisco voters.^[247] However, by 2016, San Francisco was rated low by small businesses in a Business Friendliness Survey.^[248]

Like many U.S. cities, San Francisco once had a significant manufacturing sector employing nearly 60,000 workers in 1969, but nearly all production left for cheaper locations by the 1980s.^[249] As of 2014, San Francisco has seen a small resurgence in manufacturing, with more than 4,000 manufacturing jobs across 500 companies, doubling since 2011. The city’s largest manufacturing employer is Anchor Brewing Company, and the largest by revenue is Timbuk2.^[249]

As of the first quarter of 2022, the median value of homes in San Francisco County was $1,297,030. It ranked third in the U.S. for counties with highest median home value, behind Nantucket, Massachusetts and San Mateo County, California.^[250]

Technology

[edit]

San Francisco became a hub for technological driven economic growth during the internet boom of the 1990s, and still holds an important position in the world city network today.^[182][251] Intense redevelopment towards the “new economy” makes business more technologically minded. Between the years of 1999 and 2000, the job growth rate was 4.9%, creating over 50,000 jobs in technology firms and internet content production.^[182] However, the technology industry has become geographically dispersed.^[252][253]

In the second technological boom driven by social media in the mid-2000s, San Francisco became a location for companies such as Apple, Google, Ubisoft, Facebook, and Twitter to base their tech offices and for their employees to live.^[254]

In recent years several AI companies have either been founded in the city or moved there, due to a giant talent pool, proximity to venture capital, and serendipitous connections.^[255]

Tourism and conventions

[edit]

See also: Port of San Francisco

Tourism is one of San Francisco’s most important private-sector industries, accounting for more than one out of seven jobs in the city.^[227][256] The city’s frequent portrayal in music, film, and popular culture has made the city and its landmarks recognizable worldwide. In 2016, it attracted the fifth-highest number of foreign tourists of any city in the United States.^[257] More than 25 million visitors arrived in San Francisco in 2016, adding US$9.96 billion to the economy.^[258] With a large hotel infrastructure and a major convention facility in the Moscone Center, San Francisco is a popular destination for annual conventions and conferences.^[259]

Some of the most popular tourist attractions in San Francisco, as noted by the Travel Channel, include the Golden Gate Bridge and Alamo Square Park, home to the famous “Painted Ladies“. Both of these locations were often used as landscape shots for the hit American television sitcom Full House. There is also Lombard Street, known for its “crookedness” and extensive views. Tourists also visit Pier 39, which offers dining, shopping, entertainment, and views of the bay, sunbathing California sea lions, the Aquarium of the Bay, and the famous Alcatraz Island.^[260]

San Francisco also offers tourists varied nightlife in its neighborhoods.^[261][262]

The new Terminal Project at Pier 27 opened September 25, 2014, as a replacement for the old Pier 35.^[263] Itineraries from San Francisco usually include round-trip cruises to Alaska and Mexico.

A heightened interest in conventioneering in San Francisco, marked by the establishment of convention centers such as Yerba Buena, acted as a feeder into the local tourist economy and resulted in an increase in the hotel industry: “In 1959, the city had fewer than thirty-three hundred first-class hotel rooms; by 1970, the number was nine thousand; and by 1999, there were more than thirty thousand.”^[264] The commodification of the Castro District has contributed to San Francisco’s tourist economy.^[265]

Arts and culture

[edit]

Main article: Culture of San Francisco

See also: San Francisco in popular culture

Although the Financial District, Union Square, and Fisherman’s Wharf are well known around the world, San Francisco is also characterized by its numerous culturally rich streetscapes featuring mixed-use neighborhoods anchored around central commercial corridors to which residents and visitors alike can walk.^{[citation needed]} Because of these characteristics,^{[original research?]} San Francisco is ranked the “most walkable” city in the United States by Walk Score.^[266] Many neighborhoods feature a mix of businesses, restaurants and venues that cater to the daily needs of local residents while also serving many visitors and tourists. Some neighborhoods are dotted with boutiques, cafés and nightlife such as Union Street in Cow Hollow, 24th Street in Noe Valley, Valencia Street in the Mission, Grant Avenue in North Beach, and Irving Street in the Inner Sunset. This approach especially has influenced the continuing South of Market neighborhood redevelopment with businesses and neighborhood services rising alongside high-rise residences.^{[267][failed verification]}

Since the 1990s, the demand for skilled information technology workers from local startups and nearby Silicon Valley has attracted white-collar workers from all over the world and created a high standard of living in San Francisco.^[269] Many neighborhoods that were once blue-collar, middle, and lower class have been gentrifying, as many of the city’s traditional business and industrial districts have experienced a renaissance driven by the redevelopment of the Embarcadero, including the neighborhoods South Beach and Mission Bay. The city’s property values and household income have risen to among the highest in the nation,^{[270][271][272]} creating a large and upscale restaurant, retail, and entertainment scene. According to a 2014 quality of life survey of global cities, San Francisco has the highest quality of living of any U.S. city.^[273] However, due to the exceptionally high cost of living, many of the city’s middle and lower-class families have been leaving the city for the outer suburbs of the Bay Area, or for California’s Central Valley.^[274] By June 2, 2015, the median rent was reported to be as high as $4,225.^[275] The high cost of living is due in part to restrictive planning laws which limit new residential construction.^[276]

The international character that San Francisco has enjoyed since its founding is continued today by large numbers of immigrants from Asia and Latin America. With 39% of its residents born overseas,^[244] San Francisco has numerous neighborhoods filled with businesses and civic institutions catering to new arrivals. In particular, the arrival of many ethnic Chinese, which began to accelerate in the 1970s, has complemented the long-established community historically based in Chinatown throughout the city and has transformed the annual Chinese New Year Parade into the largest event of its kind on the West Coast.

With the arrival of the “beat” writers and artists of the 1950s and societal changes culminating in the Summer of Love in the Haight-Ashbury district during the 1960s, San Francisco became a center of liberal activism and of the counterculture that arose at that time. The Democrats and to a lesser extent the Green Party have dominated city politics since the late 1970s, after the last serious Republican challenger for city office lost the 1975 mayoral election by a narrow margin. San Francisco has not voted more than 20% for a Republican presidential or senatorial candidate since 1988.^[277] In 2007, the city expanded its Medicaid and other indigent medical programs into the Healthy San Francisco program,^[278] which subsidizes certain medical services for eligible residents.^{[279][280][281]}

Since 1993, the San Francisco Department of Public Health has distributed 400,000 free syringes every month aimed at reducing HIV and other health risks for drug users, as well as providing disposal sites and services.^{[282][283][284]}

San Francisco also has had a very active environmental community. Starting with the founding of the Sierra Club in 1892 to the establishment of the non-profit Friends of the Urban Forest in 1981, San Francisco has been at the forefront of many global discussions regarding the environment.^[285][286] The 1980 San Francisco Recycling Program was one of the earliest curbside recycling programs.^[287] The city’s GoSolarSF incentive promotes solar installations and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission is rolling out the CleanPowerSF program to sell electricity from local renewable sources.^[288][289] SF Greasecycle is a program to recycle used cooking oil for conversion to biodiesel.^[290]

The Sunset Reservoir Solar Project, completed in 2010, installed 24,000 solar panels on the roof of the reservoir. The 5-megawatt plant more than tripled the city’s 2-megawatt solar generation capacity when it opened in December 2010.^[291][292]

LGBT

[edit]

Main article: LGBT culture in San Francisco

San Francisco has long had an LGBT-friendly history. It was home to the first lesbian-rights organization in the United States, Daughters of Bilitis; the first openly gay person to run for public office in the United States, José Sarria; the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California, Harvey Milk; the first openly lesbian judge appointed in the U.S., Mary C. Morgan; and the first transgender police commissioner, Theresa Sparks. The city’s large gay population has created and sustained a politically and culturally active community over many decades, developing a powerful presence in San Francisco’s civic life.^[293] Survey data released in 2015 by Gallup places the proportion of LGBT adults in the San Francisco metro area at 6.2%, which is the highest proportion of the 50 most populous metropolitan areas as measured by the polling organization.^[294]

One of the most popular destinations for gay tourists internationally, the city hosts San Francisco Pride, one of the largest and oldest pride parades. San Francisco Pride events have been held continuously since 1972. The events are themed and a new theme is created each year.^[295] In 2013, over 1.5 million people attended, around 500,000 more than the previous year.^[296] Pink Saturday is an annual street party held the Saturday before the pride parade, which coincides with the Dyke march.

The Folsom Street Fair (FSF) is an annual BDSM and leather subculture street fair that is held in September, endcapping San Francisco’s “Leather Pride Week”.^[297] It started in 1984 and is California’s third-largest single-day, outdoor spectator event and the world’s largest leather event and showcase for BDSM products and culture.^[298]

Performing arts

[edit]

See also: List of theatres in San Francisco

San Francisco’s War Memorial and Performing Arts Center hosts some of the most enduring performing arts companies in the country. The War Memorial Opera House houses the San Francisco Opera, the second-largest opera company in North America^[299] as well as the San Francisco Ballet, while the San Francisco Symphony plays in Davies Symphony Hall. Opened in 2013, the SFJAZZ Center hosts jazz performances year round.^[300]

The Fillmore is a music venue located in the Western Addition. It is the second incarnation of the historic venue that gained fame in the 1960s, housing the stage where now-famous musicians such as the Grateful Dead, Janis Joplin, Led Zeppelin, and Jefferson Airplane first performed, fostering the San Francisco Sound.^[301] It closed its doors in 1971 with a final performance by Santana and reopened in 1994 with a show by the Smashing Pumpkins.^[302]

San Francisco has a large number of theaters and live performance venues. Local theater companies have been noted for risk taking and innovation.^[303] The Tony Award-winning non-profit American Conservatory Theater (A.C.T.) is a member of the national League of Resident Theatres. Other local winners of the Regional Theatre Tony Award include the San Francisco Mime Troupe.^[304] San Francisco theaters frequently host pre-Broadway engagements and tryout runs,^[305] and some original San Francisco productions have later moved to Broadway.^[306]

Museums

[edit]

Further information: List of museums in San Francisco Bay Area, California § San Francisco

The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA) houses 20th century and contemporary works of art. It moved to its current building in the South of Market neighborhood in 1995 and attracted more than 600,000 visitors annually.^[307] SFMOMA closed for renovation and expansion in 2013. The museum reopened on May 14, 2016, with an addition, designed by Snøhetta, that has doubled the museum’s size.^[308]

The Palace of the Legion of Honor holds primarily European antiquities and works of art at its Lincoln Park building modeled after its Parisian namesake. The de Young Museum in Golden Gate Park features American decorative pieces and anthropological holdings from Africa, Oceania and the Americas, while Asian art is housed in the Asian Art Museum. Opposite the de Young stands the California Academy of Sciences, a natural history museum that also hosts the Morrison Planetarium and Steinhart Aquarium. Located on Pier 15 on the Embarcadero, the Exploratorium is an interactive science museum. The Contemporary Jewish Museum is a non-collecting institution that hosts a broad array of temporary exhibitions. On Nob Hill, the Cable Car Museum is a working museum featuring the cable car powerhouse, which drives the cables.^[309] Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts was founded in 1998 and is part of the California College of the Arts.^[310]

Sports

[edit]

Further information: Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area

Major League Baseball‘s San Francisco Giants have played in San Francisco since moving from New York in 1958. The Giants play at Oracle Park, which opened in 2000.^[311] The Giants won World Series titles in 2010, 2012, and in 2014. The Giants have boasted stars such as Willie Mays, Willie McCovey, and Barry Bonds (MLB’s career home run leader). In 2012, San Francisco was ranked No. 1 in a study that examined which U.S. metro areas have produced the most Major Leaguers since 1920.^[312]

The San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL) began playing in 1946 as an All-America Football Conference (AAFC) league charter member, moved to the NFL in 1950 and into Candlestick Park in 1971. The team left San Francisco in 2014, moving approximately 50 miles south to Santa Clara, and began playing its home games at Levi’s Stadium,^[313][314] Despite this, the 49ers are still branded as a San Francisco team, and when the team hosted Super Bowl 50 events were hosted in San Francisco such as the annual NFL Experience which was held at the Moscone Center and “Super Bowl City” which opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero.^[315][316] The 49ers have won five Super Bowl titles between 1982 and 1995.

The NBA’s Golden State Warriors have played in the San Francisco Bay Area since moving from Philadelphia in 1962. The Warriors played as the San Francisco Warriors, from 1962 to 1971, before being renamed the Golden State Warriors prior to the 1971–1972 season in an attempt to present the team as a representation of the whole state of California, which had already adopted “The Golden State” nickname.^[317] The Warriors’ arena, Chase Center, is located in San Francisco.^[318] After winning two championships in Philadelphia, they have won five championships since moving to the San Francisco Bay Area,^[319] and made five consecutive NBA Finals from 2015 to 2019, winning three of them. They won again in 2022, the franchise’s first championship while residing in San Francisco proper.

At the collegiate level, the San Francisco Dons compete in NCAA Division I. Bill Russell led the Dons basketball team to NCAA championships in 1955 and 1956. There is also the San Francisco State Gators, who compete in NCAA Division II.^[320] Oracle Park hosted the annual Fight Hunger Bowl college football game from 2002 through 2013 before it moved to Santa Clara.

There are a handful of lower-league soccer clubs in San Francisco playing mostly from April – June.

Club	Founded	Venue	League	Tier level
El Farolito	1985	Boxer Stadium	NPSL	4
San Francisco City FC	2001	Kezar Stadium	USL League Two	4
San Francisco Glens SC	1961	Skyline College	USL League Two	4

The Bay to Breakers footrace, held annually since 1912, is best known for colorful costumes and a celebratory community spirit.^[321] The San Francisco Marathon attracts more than 21,000 participants.^[322] The Escape from Alcatraz triathlon has, since 1980, attracted 2,000 top professional and amateur triathletes for its annual race.^[323] The Olympic Club, founded in 1860, is the oldest athletic club in the United States. Its private golf course has hosted the U.S. Open on five occasions. San Francisco hosted the 2013 America’s Cup yacht racing competition.^[324]

With an ideal climate for outdoor activities, San Francisco has ample resources and opportunities for amateur and participatory sports and recreation. There are more than 200 miles (320 km) of bicycle paths, lanes and bike routes in the city.^[325] San Francisco residents have often ranked among the fittest in the country.^[326] Golden Gate Park has miles of paved and unpaved running trails as well as a golf course and disc golf course. Boating, sailing, windsurfing and kitesurfing are among the popular activities on San Francisco Bay, and the city maintains a yacht harbor in the Marina District.

San Francisco also has had Esports teams, such as the Overwatch League‘s San Francisco Shock. Established in 2017,^[327] they won two back-to-back championship titles in 2019 and 2020.^[328][329]

Parks and recreation

[edit]

See also: List of parks in San Francisco

Several of San Francisco’s parks and nearly all of its beaches form part of the regional Golden Gate National Recreation Area, one of the most visited units of the National Park system in the United States with over 13 million visitors a year. Among the GGNRA’s attractions within the city are Ocean Beach, which runs along the Pacific Ocean shoreline and is frequented by a vibrant surfing community, and Baker Beach, which is located in a cove west of the Golden Gate Bridge, as well as the California Academy of Sciences, a research institute and natural history museum.

The Presidio of San Francisco is the former 18th century Spanish military base, which today is one of the city’s largest parks and home to numerous museums and institutions. Also within the Presidio is Crissy Field, a former airfield that was restored to its natural salt marsh ecosystem. The GGNRA also administers Fort Funston, Lands End, Fort Mason, and Alcatraz. The National Park Service separately administers the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park – a fleet of historic ships and waterfront property around Aquatic Park.^[331]

There are more than 220 parks maintained by the San Francisco Recreation & Parks Department.^[332] The largest and best-known city park is Golden Gate Park,^[333] which stretches from the center of the city west to the Pacific Ocean. Once covered in native grasses and sand dunes, the park was conceived in the 1860s and was created by the extensive planting of thousands of non-native trees and plants. The large park is rich with cultural and natural attractions such as the Conservatory of Flowers, Japanese Tea Garden and San Francisco Botanical Garden.^[334]

Lake Merced is a fresh-water lake surrounded by parkland^{[citation needed][335]} and near the San Francisco Zoo, a city-owned park that houses more than 250 animal species, many of which are endangered.^[336] The only park managed by the California State Park system located principally in San Francisco, Candlestick Point was the state’s first urban recreation area.^[337]

Most of San Francisco’s islands are protected as parkland or nature reserves. Alcatraz Island, operated by the National Park Service, is open to the public. The Farallon Islands are protected wildlife refuges. The Seal Rocks are protected as part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Red Rock Island is the only privately owned island in San Francisco Bay, but is uninhabited. Yerba Buena Island is largely utilized by the military.

San Francisco is the first city in the U.S. to have a park within a 10-Minute Walk of every resident.^[338][339] It also ranks fifth in the U.S. for park access and quality in the 2018 ParkScore ranking of the top 100 park systems across the United States, according to the nonprofit Trust for Public Land.^[340]

Government

[edit]

Main articles: Government of San Francisco, Politics of San Francisco, and Mayors of San Francisco

See also: San Francisco City Hall

The mayor is also the county executive, and the county Board of Supervisors acts as the city council. The government of San Francisco is a charter city and is constituted of two co-equal branches: the executive branch is headed by the mayor and includes other citywide elected and appointed officials as well as the civil service; the 11-member Board of Supervisors, the legislative branch, is headed by a president and is responsible for passing laws and budgets, though San Franciscans also make use of direct ballot initiatives to pass legislation.^[341]

Because of its unique city-county status, the local government is able to exercise jurisdiction over certain property outside city limits. San Francisco International Airport, though located in San Mateo County, is owned and operated by the City and County of San Francisco. San Francisco’s largest jail complex (County Jail No. 5) is located in San Mateo County, in an unincorporated area adjacent to San Bruno. San Francisco was also granted a perpetual leasehold over the Hetch Hetchy Valley and watershed in Yosemite National Park by the Raker Act in 1913.^[342]

The members of the Board of Supervisors are elected as representatives of specific districts within the city.^[343] Upon the death or resignation of the mayor, the President of the Board of Supervisors becomes acting mayor until the full Board elects an interim replacement for the remainder of the term. In 1978, Dianne Feinstein assumed the office following the assassination of George Moscone and was later selected by the board to finish the term.^{[citation needed]} In 2011, Ed Lee was selected by the board to finish the term of Gavin Newsom, who resigned to take office as Lieutenant Governor of California.^[344] Lee (who won two elections to remain mayor) was temporarily replaced by San Francisco Board of Supervisors President London Breed after he died on December 12, 2017. Supervisor Mark Farrell was appointed by the Board of Supervisors to finish Lee’s term on January 23, 2018.

Most local offices in San Francisco are elected using ranked choice voting.^[345]

San Francisco serves as the regional hub for many arms of the federal bureaucracy, including the U.S. Court of Appeals, the Federal Reserve Bank, and the U.S. Mint. Until decommissioning in the early 1990s, the city had major military installations at the Presidio, Treasure Island, and Hunters Point—a legacy still reflected in the annual celebration of Fleet Week. The State of California uses San Francisco as the home of the state supreme court and other state agencies. Foreign governments maintain more than seventy consulates in San Francisco.^[346]

The municipal budget for fiscal year 2015–16 was $8.99 billion,^[347] and is one of the largest city budgets in the United States.^[348] The City of San Francisco spends more per resident than any city other than Washington, D.C., over $10,000 in FY 2015–2016.^[348] The city employs around 27,000 workers.^[349]

In the California State Senate, San Francisco is in the 11th Senate District, represented by Democrat Scott Wiener. In the California State Assembly, it is split between the 17th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Matt Haney, and the 19th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Catherine Stefani.^[350]

In the United States House of Representatives, San Francisco is split between two congressional districts. Most of the city is in the 11th District, represented by Nancy Pelosi (D–San Francisco). A sliver in the southwest is part of the 15th District represented by Kevin Mullin (D–South San Francisco).^[351] Pelosi served as the House Speaker from January 3, 2019, to January 3, 2023, a post she also held from 2007 through 2011. She has also held the post of House Minority Leader, from 2003 to 2007 and 2011 to 2019.

One of San Francisco’s most notable achievements is its ambitious zero-waste goal, which aims to divert 100% of waste from landfills by 2025. The city has already made significant strides, with widespread recycling and composting programs that encourage residents to minimize waste. San Francisco was one of the first U.S. cities to ban plastic bags and continues to lead in banning single-use plastics, setting a standard for cities across the country.^[352]

Education

[edit]

Colleges and universities

[edit]

See also: List of colleges and universities in San Francisco

The University of California, San Francisco is the sole campus of the University of California system entirely dedicated to graduate education in health and biomedical sciences. It is ranked among the top five medical schools in the United States^[353] and operates the UCSF Medical Center, which ranks as the number one hospital in California and the number 5 in the country.^[354] UCSF is a major local employer, second in size only to the city and county government.^{[355][356][357]} A 43-acre (17 ha) Mission Bay campus was opened in 2003, complementing its original facility in Parnassus Heights. It contains research space and facilities to foster biotechnology and life sciences entrepreneurship and will double the size of UCSF’s research enterprise.^[358] All in all, UCSF operates more than 20 facilities across San Francisco.^[359]

The University of California College of the Law, San Francisco, founded in Civic Center in 1878, is the oldest law school in California and claims more judges on the state bench than any other institution.^[360] San Francisco’s two University of California institutions have recently formed an official affiliation in the UCSF/UC Law SF Consortium on Law, Science & Health Policy.^[361]

San Francisco State University is part of the California State University system and is located near Lake Merced.^[362] The school has approximately 30,000 students and awards undergraduate, master’s and doctoral degrees in more than 100 disciplines.^[362] The City College of San Francisco, with its main facility in the Ingleside district, is one of the largest two-year community colleges in the country. It has an enrollment of about 100,000 students and offers an extensive continuing education program.^[363]

Founded in 1855, the University of San Francisco, a private Jesuit university located on Lone Mountain, is the oldest institution of higher education in San Francisco and one of the oldest universities established west of the Mississippi River.^[364] Golden Gate University is a private, nonsectarian university formed in 1901 and located in the Financial District.

With an enrollment of 13,000 students, the Academy of Art University is the largest institute of art and design in the nation.^[365] The California College of the Arts, located north of Potrero Hill, has programs in architecture, fine arts, design, and writing.^[366] The San Francisco Conservatory of Music, the only independent music school on the West Coast, grants degrees in orchestral instruments, chamber music, composition, and conducting. The San Francisco Art Institute, founded in 1871 and the oldest art school west of the Mississippi,^[367] closed in 2022.

The California Culinary Academy, associated with the Le Cordon Bleu program, offers programs in the culinary arts, baking and pastry arts, and hospitality and restaurant management. California Institute of Integral Studies, founded in 1968, offers a variety of graduate programs in its Schools of Professional Psychology & Health, and Consciousness and Transformation.

Primary and secondary schools

[edit]

See also: San Francisco public grammar schools and List of high schools in California § San Francisco County

Public schools are run by the San Francisco Unified School District, which covers the entire city and county,^[368] as well as the California State Board of Education for some charter schools. Lowell High School, the oldest public high school in the U.S. west of the Mississippi,^[369] and the smaller School of the Arts High School are two of San Francisco’s magnet schools at the secondary level. Public school students attend schools based on an assignment system rather than neighborhood proximity.^[370]

Just under 30% of the city’s school-age population attends one of San Francisco’s more than 100 private or parochial schools, compared to a 10% rate nationwide.^[371] Nearly 40 of those schools are Catholic schools managed by the Archdiocese of San Francisco.^[372]

San Francisco has nearly 300 preschool programs primarily operated by Head Start, San Francisco Unified School District, private for-profit, private non-profit and family child care providers.^[373] All four-year-old children living in San Francisco are offered universal access to preschool through the Preschool for All program.^[374]

Media

[edit]

Further information: Media in the San Francisco Bay Area

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

The major daily newspaper in San Francisco is the San Francisco Chronicle, which is currently Northern California’s most widely circulated newspaper.^[375] The Chronicle is most famous for a former columnist, the late Herb Caen, whose daily musings attracted critical acclaim and represented the “voice of San Francisco”. The San Francisco Examiner, once the cornerstone of William Randolph Hearst‘s media empire and the home of Ambrose Bierce, declined in circulation over the years and now takes the form of a free daily tabloid, under new ownership.^[376][377]

Sing Tao Daily claims to be the largest of several Chinese language dailies that serve the Bay Area.^[378] SF Weekly is the city’s alternative weekly newspaper. San Francisco and 7×7 are major glossy magazines about San Francisco. The national newsmagazine Mother Jones is also based in San Francisco. San Francisco is home to online-only media publications such as SFist, and AsianWeek.

The San Francisco Bay Area is the sixth-largest television market in the U.S.^[379] It is the fourth-largest radio market after that of New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago.^[380]

All major U.S. television networks have affiliates serving the region, with most of them based in the city. CNN, MSNBC, BBC, Russia Today, and CCTV America also have regional news bureaus in San Francisco. Bloomberg West was launched in 2011 from a studio on the Embarcadero and CNBC broadcasts from One Market Plaza since 2015. ESPN uses the local ABC studio for their broadcasting. The regional sports network, Comcast SportsNet Bay Area and its sister station Comcast SportsNet California, are both located in San Francisco. The Pac-12 Network is also based in San Francisco.

Public broadcasting outlets include both a television station and a radio station, both broadcasting under the call letters KQED from a facility near the Potrero Hill neighborhood. KQED-FM is the most-listened-to National Public Radio affiliate in the country.^[381]

KUSF is a student-run radio station by college students from the University of San Francisco.^[382] Another local broadcaster, KPOO, is an independent, African-American owned and operated noncommercial radio station established in 1971.^[383] CNET, founded 1994, and Salon.com, 1995, are based in San Francisco. Sutro Tower is an important broadcast tower located between Mount Sutro and the Twin Peaks, built in 1973 for KTVU, KRON, and KPIX.

Infrastructure

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]

See also: Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area

Public transportation

[edit]

See also: San Francisco Municipal Railway

Transit is the most used form of transportation every day in San Francisco. Every weekday, more than 560,000 people travel on Muni’s 69 bus routes and more than 140,000 customers ride the Muni Metro light rail system.^[384] 32% of San Francisco residents use public transportation for their daily commute to work, ranking it fourth in the United States and first on the West Coast.^[385] The San Francisco Municipal Railway, primarily known as Muni, is the primary public transit system of San Francisco. As of 2023, Muni is the eighth-largest transit system in the United States.^[386] The system operates a combined light rail and subway system, the Muni Metro, as well as large bus and trolley coach networks.^[387] Additionally, it runs a historic streetcar line, which runs on Market Street from Castro Street to Fisherman’s Wharf.^[387] It also operates the famous cable cars,^[387] which have been designated as a National Historic Landmark and are a major tourist attraction.^[388]

Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART), a regional Rapid Transit system, connects San Francisco with the East Bay and San Jose through the underwater Transbay Tube. The line, which contains all except the Orange Line, runs under Market Street to Civic Center where it turns south to the Mission District, the southern part of the city, and through northern San Mateo County, to the San Francisco International Airport, and Millbrae.^[387] BART also shares stations with SFMTA Muni Metro under Market Street.

Another commuter rail system, Caltrain, runs from San Francisco along the San Francisco Peninsula to San Jose.^[387] Historically, trains operated by Southern Pacific Lines ran from San Francisco to Los Angeles, via Palo Alto and San Jose.

Amtrak Thruway runs a shuttle bus from three locations in San Francisco to its station across the bay in Emeryville.^[389] Additionally, BART offers connections to San Francisco from Amtrak’s stations in Emeryville, Oakland and Richmond, and Caltrain offers connections in San Jose and Santa Clara. Thruway service also runs south to San Luis Obispo with connection to the Pacific Surfliner.

San Francisco was an early adopter of carsharing in America. The non-profit City CarShare opened in 2001^[390] and Zipcar closely followed.^[391]

San Francisco Bay Ferry operates from the Ferry Building and Pier 39 to points in Oakland, Alameda, Bay Farm Island, South San Francisco, Richmond, and north to Vallejo in Solano County.^[392] The Golden Gate Ferry is the other ferry operator with service between San Francisco and Marin County.^[393] SolTrans runs supplemental bus service between the Ferry Building and Vallejo.

To accommodate the large amount of San Francisco citizens who commute to the Silicon Valley daily, employers like Genentech, Google, and Apple have begun to provide private bus transportation for their employees, from San Francisco locations. These buses have quickly become a heated topic of debate within the city, as protesters claim they block bus lanes and delay public buses.^[394]

Freeways and roads

[edit]

Further information: List of streets in San Francisco

In 2014, only 41.3% of residents commuted by driving alone or carpooling in private vehicles in San Francisco, a decline from 48.6% in 2000.^[395] There are 1,088 miles of streets in San Francisco with 946 miles of these streets being surface streets, and 59 miles of freeways.^[395] Due to its unique geography, and the freeway revolts of the late 1950s,^[396] Interstate 80 begins at the approach to the Bay Bridge and is the only direct automobile link to the East Bay. U.S. Route 101 connects to the western terminus of Interstate 80 and provides access to the south of the city along San Francisco Bay toward Silicon Valley. Northward, the routing for U.S. 101 uses arterial streets to connect to the Golden Gate Bridge, the only direct automobile link to Marin County and the North Bay.

As part of the retrofitting of the Golden Gate Bridge and installation of a suicide barrier, starting in 2019 the railings on the west side of the pedestrian walkway were replaced with thinner, more flexible slats in order to improve the bridge’s aerodynamic tolerance of high wind to 100 mph (161 km/h). Starting in June 2020, reports were received of a loud hum produced by the new railing slats, heard across the city when a strong west wind was blowing.^[397]

State Route 1 also enters San Francisco from the north via the Golden Gate Bridge and bisects the city as the 19th Avenue arterial thoroughfare, joining with Interstate 280 at the city’s southern border. Interstate 280 continues south from San Francisco, and also turns to the east along the southern edge of the city, terminating just south of the Bay Bridge in the South of Market neighborhood. After the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, city leaders demolished the Embarcadero Freeway and a portion of the Central Freeway, converting them into street-level boulevards.^[396]

State Route 35 enters the city from the south as Skyline Boulevard and terminates at its intersection with Highway 1. State Route 82 enters San Francisco from the south as Mission Street, and terminates shortly thereafter at its junction with 280. The western terminus of the historic transcontinental Lincoln Highway, the first road across America, is in San Francisco’s Lincoln Park.

Vision Zero

[edit]

In 2014, San Francisco committed to Vision Zero, with the goal of ending all traffic fatalities caused by motor vehicles within the city by 2024.^[398] San Francisco’s Vision Zero plan calls for investing in engineering, enforcement, and education, and focusing on dangerous intersections. In 2013, 25 people were killed by car and truck drivers while walking and biking in the city and 9 car drivers and passengers were killed in collisions. In 2019, 42 people were killed in traffic collisions in San Francisco.^[399]

Airports

[edit]

Main article: San Francisco International Airport

Though located 13 miles (21 km) south of downtown in unincorporated San Mateo County, San Francisco International Airport (SFO) is under the jurisdiction of the City and County of San Francisco. SFO is a hub for United Airlines^[400] and Alaska Airlines.^[401] SFO is a major international gateway to Asia and Europe, with the largest international terminal in North America.^[402] In 2011, SFO was the eighth-busiest airport in the U.S. and the 22nd-busiest in the world, handling over 40.9 million passengers.^[403]

Located in the South Bay, the San Jose International Airport (SJC) is the second-busiest airport in the Bay Area, followed by Oakland International Airport, which is a popular, low-cost alternative to SFO.

Cycling and walking

[edit]

Main article: Cycling in San Francisco

Cycling is a popular mode of transportation in San Francisco, with 75,000 residents commuting by bicycle each day.^[404] In recent years,^[when?] the city has installed better cycling infrastructure such as protected bike lanes and parking racks.^[405] Bay Wheels, previously named Bay Area Bike Share at inception, launched in August 2013 with 700 bikes in downtown San Francisco, selected cities in the East Bay, and San Jose. The San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency and Bay Area Air Quality Management District are responsible for the operation with management provided by Motivate.^[406] A major expansion started in 2017, along with a rebranding as Ford GoBike; the company received its current name in 2019.^[407] Pedestrian traffic is also widespread. In 2015, Walk Score ranked San Francisco the second-most walkable city in the United States.^{[408][409][410]}

San Francisco has significantly higher rates of pedestrian and bicyclist traffic deaths than the United States on average. In 2013, 21 pedestrians were killed in vehicle collisions, the highest since 2001,^[411] which is 2.5 deaths per 100,000 population – 70% higher than the national average of 1.5.^[412]

Cycling is becoming increasingly popular in the city. The 2010 Municipal Transportation Agency (MTA) annual bicycle count showed the number of cyclists at 33 locations had increased 58% from the 2006 baseline counts.^[413] In 2008, the MTA estimated that about 128,000 trips were made by bicycle each day in the city, or 6% of total trips.^[414] As of 2019, 2.6% of the city’s streets have protected bike lanes, with 28 miles of protected bike lanes in the city.^[384] Since 2006, San Francisco has received a Bicycle Friendly Community status of “Gold” from the League of American Bicyclists.^[415] In 2022 a measure on the ballot passed to protect JFK drive in Golden Gate Park as a pedestrian and biking space with 59% of voters in favor.^[416]

Public safety

[edit]

See also: History of the San Francisco Police Department

The San Francisco Police Department was founded in 1849.^[417] The portions of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area located within the city, including the Presidio and Ocean Beach, are patrolled by the United States Park Police.

The San Francisco Fire Department provides both fire suppression and emergency medical services to the city.^[418]

Sister cities

[edit]

Main articles: Sister cities of San Francisco, California and List of diplomatic missions in San Francisco

San Francisco participates in the Sister Cities program.^[419] A total of 41 consulates general and 23 honorary consulates have offices in the San Francisco Bay Area.^[420]

In January 1980, Mayor Dianne Feinstein signed a sister cities agreement with Shanghai during a visit to China.^[421]

Notable people

[edit]

Main article: List of people from San Francisco

See also

[edit]

• San Francisco Bay Area
• List of cities and towns in California
• List of counties in California
• List of people from San Francisco
• Northern California megaregion
• Ships lost in San Francisco
• USS San Francisco, 3 ships

Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Station currently at the United States Mint building^{[150][self-published source?]}
2. ^ The coordinates of the station are 37.7706°N 122.4269°W. Precipitation, high temperature, low temperature, snow, and snow depth records date from October 1, 1849; June 1, 1874; January 1, 1875; January 1, 1876; and January 1, 1922; respectively.
3. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
4. ^ Those not born in the 50 states or D.C., excluding California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas before 1850.

References

[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to:^a b Garling, Caleb (June 30, 2013). “Don’t Call It Frisco: The History of San Francisco’s Nicknames”. The Bold Italic. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
2. ^ “San Francisco’s Official Songs”. Museum of San Francisco. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
3. ^ ‘Be it resolved: The official song of the City and County of San Francisco is, and shall remain, “San Francisco.” Be it further resolved that henceforth: “I Left My Heart in San Francisco” shall be the official ballad.’ San Francisco Administrative Code — Steven Short, KALW Public Media, May 10, 2021, “San Francisco’s Two Official Songs Or, The Day Tony Bennett Hid In His Hotel” [1]
4. ^ Jump up to:^a b c O’Day, Edward F. (October 1926). “The Founding of San Francisco”. San Francisco Water. Spring Valley Water Authority. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved November 24, 2024.
5. ^ “San Francisco: Government”. SFGov.org. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2012. San Francisco was incorporated as a City on April 15th, 1850 by act of the Legislature.
6. ^ “Statewide Database”. UC Regents. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
7. ^ “California’s 11th Congressional District”. GovTrack. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
8. ^ “California’s 15th Congressional District”. GovTrack. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
9. ^ “Communities of Interest – City”. California Citizens Redistricting Commission. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
10. ^ “Members Assembly”. California State Assembly. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
11. ^ “2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files”. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
12. ^ “San Francisco”. Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
13. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Elevations and Distances in the United States”. US Geological Survey. April 29, 2005. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
14. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “QuickFacts: San Francisco city, California”. www.census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
15. ^ “List of 2020 Census Urban Areas”. census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
16. ^ “Personal Income by County, Metro, and Other Areas”. United States Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
17. ^ “Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020–2021”. United States Census Bureau. February 24, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
18. ^ Massara, Graph (February 20, 2018). “If you’re from SF, you’re a ‘San Franciscan.’ But what if you’re from Fremont? Berkeley? Livermore?”. SFGATE. San Francisco. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
19. ^ Yip, Isabel (June 20, 2024). “Vietnamese becomes one of San Francisco’s official languages”. NBC News. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
20. ^ “Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area”. fred.stlouisfed.org.
21. ^ “ZIP Codes for City of San Francisco, CA”. 2010 United States census. 2010. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2021 – via Zip-Codes.com.
22. ^ “NPA City Report”. North American Numbering Plan Administration. Archived from the original on November 4, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
23. ^
    • English: /ˌsæn frənˈsɪskoʊ/ SAN frən-SISS-koh
    • Spanish: [saɱ fɾanˈsisko], lit. ’Saint Francis‘
24. ^ “GCT-PH1 – Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 – County – Census Tract”. 2010 United States Census Summary File 1. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
25. ^ “IPUMS NHGIS | National Historical Geographic Information System”. www.nhgis.org. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
26. ^ “IPUMS NHGIS”. www.nhgis.org. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
27. ^ Coy, Owen Cochran (1919). Guide to the County Archives of California. Sacramento, California: California Historical Survey Commission. p. 409.
28. ^ Jump up to:^a b Montagne, Renée (April 11, 2006). “Remembering the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake”. People & Places. NPR. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
29. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Port of Embarkation Essay—World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area”. A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary. US Department of the Interior. August 28, 2007. Archived from the original on June 24, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
30. ^ “Charter of the United Nations”. Un.org. August 10, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
31. ^ “History of the United Nations”. Un.org. United Nations. August 21, 2015. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
32. ^ Schlesinger, Stephen (June 19, 2015). “San Francisco – the birthplace of the United Nations”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
33. ^ “Top 200 Science cities”. Nature Index. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
34. ^ “The Global Creative Economy Is Big Business”. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
35. ^ “2022 Best Global Universities Rankings”. U.S. News & World Report.
36. ^ “Regional Data: GDP and Personal Income”. apps.bea.gov. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
37. ^ “Metropolitan areas”. stats.oecd.org. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
38. ^ U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (January 1, 1947). “Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average”. FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
39. ^ “World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022”. IMF. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
40. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “GDP by County, Metro, and Other Areas | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)”. www.bea.gov. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
41. ^ Jump up to:^a b “The Global Financial Centres Index 36”. www.longfinance.net. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
42. ^ Jump up to:^a b Morris, J.D. (October 30, 2023). “London Breed vs. the ‘doom loop’: How will S.F.’s mayor solve her biggest political problem?”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
43. ^ Wiley, Hannah (May 22, 2024). “All is lost in San Francisco? City loyalists take issue with naysayers. Data may back them up”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
44. ^ “America’s 10 most visited cities”, World Atlas, November 14, 2023
45. ^ “San Francisco Travel Association Announces 2022 Results and 2023 Forecast” (Press release). San Francisco Travel. March 21, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
46. ^ “Top U.S. Destinations for International Visitors”. The Hotel Price Index. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
47. ^ Leins, Casey (April 3, 2019). “The 10 Best Cities for Public Transportation”. USNews. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
48. ^ “Direct flights from San Francisco (SFO) – FlightConnections”. www.flightconnections.com. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
49. ^ Jump up to:^a b Brinklow, Adam (January 26, 2018). “Is it ever okay to use “San Fran?””. Curbed SF. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
50. ^ “Don’t Call It ‘Frisco’: The History of San Francisco’s Nicknames”. The Bold Italic. December 20, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
51. ^ Gilson, Dave. “Why San Francisco’s “Frisco” debate will never, ever die”. Mother Jones. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
52. ^ Stewart, Suzanne B. (November 2003). “Archaeological Research Issues for the Point Reyes National Seashore – Golden Gate National Recreation Area” (PDF). Sonoma State University – Anthropological Studies Center. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
53. ^ “Visitors: San Francisco Historical Information”. City and County of San Francisco. n.d. Archived from the original on March 1, 2006. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
54. ^ Billiter, Bill (January 1, 1985). “3,000-Year-Old Connection Claimed : Siberia Tie to California Tribes Cited”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
55. ^ “Indigenous Peoples of San Mateo County”. San Mateo County Office of Education. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
56. ^ “The Association of Ramaytush Ohlone”. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
57. ^ “The Ramaytush Ohlone – Lessons on stewardship from the ancestral stewards of the Peninsula”. Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy. December 4, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
58. ^ Raup, H. F. (1948). “The Delayed Discovery of San Francisco Bay”. California Historical Society Quarterly. 27 (4): 293. doi:10.2307/25156125. JSTOR 3816007. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
59. ^ Cleary, Brother Guire (January 31, 2003). “Mission Dolores Links San Francisco with its 18th Century Roots – Founded as La Mission San Francisco De Asis by Franciscans, it survived earthquake and fire”. Catholic San Francisco. Archived from the original on February 5, 2007. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
60. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Kamiya, Gary (August 23, 2013). “Juana Briones – San Francisco’s founding mother”. SFGATE.
61. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} San Francisco News Letter (September 1925). “From the 1820s to the Gold Rush”. The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco. Archived from the original on October 22, 2009. Retrieved November 11, 2024.
62. ^ Cf., Richard Henry Dana Jr., Two Years before the Mast (1840).
63. ^ Chandler, Robert J (2010). “Bear Flag Revolt (1846): Sonoma”. In Danver, Steven L (ed.). Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History: An Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 343–345. ISBN 9781598842227.
64. ^ Yenne, Bill (2004). The Missions of California. San Diego, California: Thunder Bay Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 1-59223-319-8.
65. ^ Eldredge, Zoeth Skinner (March 16, 1916). “El Paraje de Yerba Buena”. Municipal Record. 9 (11). San Francisco, CA: 110–111. hdl:2027/uc1.32106019794160.
66. ^ Browning, Peter (1998). San Francisco/Yerba Buena: From the Beginning to the Gold Rush 1769-1849. Great West Books. ISBN 9780944220085.
67. ^ “san_francisco_history:san_francisco_census_1842 [SFgenealogy]”. www.sfgenealogy.org. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
68. ^ “Yerba Buena Renamed San Francisco”. The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
69. ^ Wiley, Peter Booth (2000). National trust guide- San Francisco: America’s guide for architecture and history travelers. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-471-19120-9. OCLC 44313415.
70. ^ “San Francisco’s First Brick Building”. The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco. July 16, 2004. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
71. ^ Richards, Rand (1992). Historic San Francisco: A Concise History and Guide. Heritage House. ISBN 978-1-879367-00-5. OCLC 214330849.
72. ^ Harris, Ron (November 14, 2005). “Crews Unearth Shipwreck on San Francisco Condo Project”. Associated Press. Retrieved September 4, 2006.
73. ^ Filion, Ron S. “Buried Ships”. SFgenealogy. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
74. ^ Report of Committee on Counties, January 4, 1850, revised to 27 counties on February 18, 1850 – Coy, Owen C. (1923). California County Boundaries. Berkeley: California Historical Survey Commission. pp. 1–2.
75. ^ Statutes of California and Digests of Measures. J. Winchester. 1856. p. 145.
76. ^ Mathews, Joe (April 16, 2023). “Don’t bank on California, especially when banks are involved”. San Francisco Chronicle.
77. ^ Wiley, Peter Booth (2000). National trust guide- San Francisco: America’s guide for architecture and history travelers. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-0-471-19120-9. OCLC 44313415.
78. ^ Wiley, Peter Booth (2000). National trust guide- San Francisco: America’s guide for architecture and history travelers. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 237–238. ISBN 978-0-471-19120-9. OCLC 44313415.
79. ^ Taylor 1895, p. 195.
80. ^ “William Ralston – FoundSF”. www.foundsf.org. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
81. ^ Calic, Dan (January 5, 2024). “Blog: How The Mighty Fall. The Story of William C. Ralston”. Redwood City Pulse. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
82. ^ Construction of the Pacific Railroad was partially (albeit reluctantly) funded by the City and County of San Francisco Pacific Railroad Bond issue under the provisions of “An Act to Authorize the Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco to take and subscribe One Million Dollars to the Capital Stock of the Western Pacific Rail Road Company and the Central Pacific Rail Road Company of California and to provide for the payment of the same and other matters relating thereto.” approved on April 22, 1863, as amended by §5 of the “Compromise Act of 1864” approved on April 4, 1864. The bond issue was objected to by the Mayor and the Board of Supervisors, however, and they were not delivered to the WPRR and CPRR until 1865 after Writs of Mandamus ordering such were issued by the Supreme Court of the State of California in 1864 (“The People of the State of California on the relation of the Central Pacific Railroad Company vs. Henry P. Coon, Mayor; Henry M. Hale, Auditor; and Joseph S. Paxson, Treasurer, of the City and County of San Francisco” 25 Cal 635) and 1865 (“The People ex rel The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California vs. The Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco, and Wilhelm Lowey, Clerk” 27 Cal 655)
83. ^ “IPUMS USA”. usa.ipums.org. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
84. ^ “Under Three Flags” (PDF). Golden Gate National Recreation Area Brochures. US Department of the Interior. November 2004. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
85. ^ Wiley, Peter Booth (2000). National trust guide- San Francisco: America’s guide for architecture and history travelers. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 44–55. ISBN 978-0-471-19120-9. OCLC 44313415.
86. ^ Kalisch, Philip A. (Summer 1972). “The Black Death in Chinatown: Plague and Politics in San Francisco 1900–1904”. Arizona and the West. 14 (2): 113–136. JSTOR 40168068. PMID 11614219.
87. ^ “1906 Earthquake: Fire Fighting”. Golden Gate National Recreation Area. US Department of the Interior. December 24, 2003. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
88. ^ “Casualties and Damage after the 1906 earthquake”. Earthquake Hazards Program – Northern California. US Geological Survey. January 25, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
89. ^ “1906 Earthquake and the Army”. Golden Gate National Recreation Area. US Department of the Interior. August 25, 2004. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
90. ^ “Jack London Writes of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire”. Sfmuseum.org. May 5, 1906. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
91. ^ Wiley, Peter Booth (2000). National trust guide- San Francisco: America’s guide for architecture and history travelers. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 56–62. ISBN 978-0-471-19120-9. OCLC 44313415.
92. ^ “SPUR Our Mission and History”. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
93. ^ O’Brien, Tricia (2008). San Francisco’s Pacific Heights and Presidio Heights. San Francisco: Arcadia Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7385-5980-3.
94. ^ Wiley, Peter Booth (2000). National trust guide- San Francisco: America’s guide for architecture and history travelers. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-471-19120-9. OCLC 44313415.
95. ^ “Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco – M.M. O’Shaughnessy Employed as City Engineer”. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
96. ^ “San Francisco Gold Rush Banking – 1849”. The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco. June 24, 2004. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
97. ^ “Treasure Island History”. timuseum. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
98. ^ Kamiya, Gary (August 19, 2022). “The dark past of San Francisco’s Sharp Park”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on August 19, 2022. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
99. ^ Price, John (June 2001). “A Just Peace? The 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty in Historical Perspective”. Japan Policy Research Institute. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
100. ^ Fang, Eric (February 1999). “Urban Renewal Revisited: A Design Critique”. SPUR Newsletter. San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association. Archived from the original on October 11, 2009. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
101. ^ Rubin, Jasper (November 1999). “The Decline of the Port – A look at the transformation of the Port of San Francisco”. SPUR Newsletter. Retrieved January 5, 2013. The final, insurmountable decline in San Francisco’s shipping activity was heralded in 1958 by the departure of the first containerized freighter from San Francisco Bay.
102. ^ Terplan, Egon (June 7, 2010). “Organizing for Economic Growth – A new approach to business attraction and retention in San Francisco”. SPUR Report. Retrieved January 5, 2013. During the 1960s and 1970s San Francisco’s historic maritime industry relocated to Oakland. … San Francisco remained a center for business and professional services (such as consulting, law, accounting and finance) and also successfully developed its tourism sector, which became the leading local industry.
103. ^ Willis, James; Habib, Jerry; Brittan, Jeremy (April 19, 2004). “San Francisco Planning Department Census Data Analysis”. San Francisco State University. Archived from the original (PPT) on July 18, 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
104. ^ Minton, Torri (September 20, 1998). “Race Through Time”. San Francisco Chronicle. p. SC-4. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
105. ^ Wiley, Peter Booth (2000). National trust guide- San Francisco: America’s guide for architecture and history travelers. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 240–242. ISBN 978-0-471-19120-9. OCLC 44313415.
106. ^ “American Experience: Summer of Love: Film Description”. Website for American Experience documentary on the Summer of Love. PBS. March 14, 2007. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
107. ^ “Fear in the Streets of San Francisco”. Time. April 29, 1974. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008. Retrieved August 28, 2006.
108. ^ “San Francisco History: The 1970s and 1980s: Gay Rights”. Destinations: San Francisco. Frommers.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2001. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
109. ^ “Pyramid Facts and Figures”. Company Profile. Transamerica Insurance and Investment Group. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
110. ^ Wiley, Peter Booth (2000). National trust guide- San Francisco: America’s guide for architecture and history travelers. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-0-471-19120-9. OCLC 44313415.
111. ^ Fagan, Kevin (August 4, 2006). “S.F.’s Homeless Aging on the Street / Chronic health problems on the rise as median age nears 50”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 6, 2012. The findings support what many social workers have long suspected – that there was a “big bang” homeless population explosion as federal housing programs were slashed and the closing of mental hospitals hit home in the mid-1980s and that this core group constitutes the bulk of the street population.
112. ^ “Hayes Valley Neighborhood Association”. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
113. ^ Nieves, Evelyn (November 5, 2000). “Mission District Fights Case of Dot-Com Fever”. The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
114. ^ Nolte, Carl (January 2, 2008). “High-rises are a sign of the times in changing San Francisco”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
115. ^ Egan, Ted (April 3, 2006). “City and County of San Francisco: An Overview of San Francisco’s Recent Economic Performance” (PDF). Report prepared for Mayor’s Office of Economic and Workforce Development. ICF Consulting. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2008. Another positive trend for the future is San Francisco’s highly entrepreneurial, flexible and innovative economy…San Francisco’s very high reliance on small business and self-employment is typical of other dynamic, fast-growing, high-technology areas across the country.
116. ^ Carlton, Jim; Bindley, Katherine (August 13, 2023). “Can San Francisco Save Itself From the Doom Loop?”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
117. ^ Weil, Elizabeth (May 10, 2023). “Spiraling in San Francisco’s Doom Loop”. Curbed. Retrieved November 5, 2023. What it’s like to live in a city that no longer believes its problems can be fixed.
118. ^ Wiley, Hannah (January 16, 2024). “All is lost in San Francisco? City loyalists take issue with naysayers. Data may back them up”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
119. ^ King, John (March 3, 2024). “Union Square once was the center of San Francisco. Now it’s off the map”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
120. ^ Li, Roland (June 16, 2023). “Westfield gives up on SF while Silicon Valley mall has record sales”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
121. ^ “NPGallery Search”. National Park Service. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
122. ^ Graham, Tom (November 7, 2004). “Peak Experience”. San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Communications. p. PK-23. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
123. ^ Lee, Henry K. (January 16, 1997). “Mount Davidson Cross Called Landmark by Panel”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
124. ^ Smith, Charles (April 15, 2006). “What San Francisco didn’t learn from the ’06 quake”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 30, 2008.
125. ^ Selna, Robert (June 29, 2008). “S.F. leaders ignore weak buildings’ quake risk”. San Francisco Chronicle. p. A-1. Retrieved June 30, 2008.
126. ^ California Earthquake forecast – UCERF3 – USGS Factsheet (non-technical) Mar, 2015. predicts Earthquake risk for 30 years in California, California earthquake forecast.
127. ^ “Liquefaction Damage in the Marina District during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake” (PDF). California Geological Survey. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
128. ^ Baume, Matt (April 14, 2010). “The Lure of the Creeks Buried Beneath San Francisco’s Streets”. Streetsblog San Francisco. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
129. ^ Solnit, Rebecca (January 11, 2004). “The heart of the city / U.N. Plaza: the beating pulse of public space in San Francisco, from protests to pomegranates”. sfgate.com. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
130. ^ “Center of San Francisco”. artandarchitecture-sf.com – Public Art and Architecture from Around the World. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
131. ^ The Official San Francisco Chinatown Website. Sanfranciscochinatown.com. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
132. ^ Depicting Otherness: Images of San Francisco’s Chinatown. College Street Journal (October 11, 2002). Retrieved February 16, 2012.
133. ^ Bacon, Daniel: Walking the Barbary Coast Trail 2nd ed., pp. 52–53, Quicksilver Press, 1997
134. ^ “Chinatown/Grant Avenue”. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2010.. San Francisco Days
135. ^ Dineen, J.K. (December 9, 2015). “S.F. supervisors OK Warriors arena for Mission Bay”. SFGATE. Hearst Communications, Inc. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
136. ^ “Haight-Ashbury’s Hippie House: Preserving San Francisco’s 1960s Counterculture”. savingplaces.org. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
137. ^ “The Haight”. The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
138. ^ Bishop, Katherine (October 13, 1988). “Haight-Ashbury Journal; Love and Hate Linger in Ex-Hippie District”. The New York Times. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
139. ^ “The Marina”. SFGate San Francisco Neighborhood Guide. October 27, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
140. ^ Morgan, Benjamin (Director) (2007). “Quality of Life (film website)”. Mission District History. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
141. ^ “The Castro”. The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
142. ^ Chow, Andrew (March 22, 2002). “Dismal APA Turnout at First Redistricting Meetings”. Asian Week.
143. ^ Climate of San Francisco: Narrative Description Golden Gate Weather Services. Retrieved September 5, 2006.
144. ^ “San Francisco climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, San Francisco water temperature – Climate-Data.org”. en.climate-data.org. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
145. ^ Osborn, Liz. “Coolest US Cities in Summer”. Weather Extremes. Current Results Nexus. Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
146. ^ Gilliam, Harold (July–September 2002). “Cutting Through the Fog: Demystifying the Summer Spectacle”. Bay Nature.
147. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h} “NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data”. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
148. ^ Climate of San Francisco: Snowfall Golden Gate Weather Services. Retrieved December 3, 2006.
149. ^ Hartlaub, Peter (November 29, 2012). “Blizzard of awesome: The San Francisco snowfall of 1976”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
150. ^ Dudley, Andrew (May 1, 2014). “Secretly Awesome: The Lower Haight Weather Station”. hoodline.
151. ^ Ruberstein, Steve; Asimov, Nanette; Lyons, Jenna (September 1, 2017). “San Francisco hits 106 degrees – shatters all-time record”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
152. ^ “NOWData for San Francisco, CA forecast office”. NOAA. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
153. ^ “San Fran Mission Dolore, California (047772) Period of Record General Climate Summary – Temperature”. Western Regional Climate Center. Desert Research Institute. 2010. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2010. (Main page)
154. ^ Tuma, Drew; Didion, Tim (August 10, 2021). “UN climate report puts focus on sea level rise threat to San Francisco Bay”. ABC7 San Francisco. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
155. ^ Agricultural Research Center, PRISM Climate Group Oregon State University. “USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map”. USDA. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
156. ^ “California Interactive USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map”. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
157. ^ “Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020”. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
158. ^ “Station Name: CA SAN FRANCISCO DWTN”. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
159. ^ “San Francisco/Mission Dolores, CA Climate Normals 1961–1990”. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
160. ^ “San Francisco holiday weather”. Met Office. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
161. ^ “Climate and monthly weather forecast San Francisco, CA”. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
162. ^ Broughton, Jack M. (1994). “Declines in Mammalian Foraging Efficiency during the Late Holocene, San Francisco Bay, California”. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 13 (4): 371–401. doi:10.1006/jaar.1994.1019. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
163. ^ McCrossin, M. (1982). “Paleoecological inferences from a faunal analysis of CA-SFr-07”. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. 4: 138–141.
164. ^ Bolton, Herbert Eugene (1930). Anza’s California Expeditions. Vol. I. An Outpost of Empire. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 393.
165. ^ Dana Jr., Richard Henry (1840). Two Years Before the Mast. A Personal Narrative. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 270. ISBN 9781441405401.
166. ^ “QuickFacts: San Francisco County, California”. US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 16, 2019. Retrieved April 5, 2019.
167. ^ “Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places in the United States”. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
168. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “QT-P3 – Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin: 2010”. 2010 United States Census Summary File 1. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
169. ^ “Training and Education /PET”. Filipino-American Law Enforcement Officers Association. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
170. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Interactive: Mapping the census”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
171. ^ “2020 Census: As San Francisco grew, the ethnic makeup of its neighborhoods changed. Here’s how”. September 27, 2021.
172. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ghert Zand, Renee (February 14, 2018). “Vast, young San Fran Jewish community is growing — but unaffiliated, says study”. The Times of Israel. Times of Israel. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
173. ^ “THE GUIDE TO JEWISH HERITAGE IN SAN FRANCISCO”. San Francisco Travel Association. SF Travel. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
174. ^ Shvetsky, Kate. “The Fillmore: A Jewish Neighborhood in the 1920s”. Found SF. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
175. ^ Jump up to:^a b “IPUMS USA”. usa.ipums.org. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
176. ^ “Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census”. Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
177. ^ Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles, Pew Research Center
178. ^ “America’s Changing Religious Landscape”. Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life. May 12, 2015.
179. ^ “Chung: Chinese ‘peasant’ dialect redeemed – The Mercury News”. December 22, 2007. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
180. ^ “Chinatown Decoded: What Language Is Everybody Speaking?”. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
181. ^ “San Francisco County, California”. Modern Language Association. Retrieved April 25, 2023.
182. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Pamuk, Ayse (Fall 2017). “Geography of immigrant clusters in global cities: a case study of San Francisco”. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 28 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00520.x.
183. ^ “A Guide to San Francisco’s Most Expensive Neighborhoods”. www.california.com.
184. ^ “The brainpower of America’s largest cities”. Bizjournals.com (data interpreted from U.S. Census). 2006. Archived from the original on July 1, 2006. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
185. ^ Winter, Michael (June 9, 2010). “New measure ranks San Francisco the ‘smartest’ U.S. city”. USA Today. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
186. ^ Gates, Gary (October 2006). “Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community Survey” (PDF). The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 2, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
187. ^ “Gay and Lesbian Families in the United States: Same-Sex Unmarried Partner Households” (PDF). Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2006.
188. ^ “Median Household Income (In 2003 Inflation-adjusted Dollars) (Place Level)”. U.S. Census Bureau. August 22, 2007. Archived from the original on December 9, 2004. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
189. ^ Jump up to:^a b “QuickFacts: San Francisco County, California”. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
190. ^ Sankin, Aaron (March 9, 2012). “Families Flee San Francisco: City Has Lowest Percentage Of Kids Of Any Major U.S. City”. HuffPost. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
191. ^ Hendrix, Michael (November 21, 2018). “Young Americans’ loneliness sets the table for Friendsgiving”. The Washington Post. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
192. ^ “Economic Characteristics”. 2005–2009 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates – Data Profile Highlights. U.S. Census Bureau. 2007. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
193. ^ “Deinstitutionalization: A Psychiatric ‘Titanic'”. PBS. Archived from the original on July 20, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
194. ^ “San Francisco Program Combats Homelessness with Innovation”. PBS. April 5, 2005. Archived from the original on January 10, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
195. ^ Pratt, Timothy (August 12, 2006). “Critics say regional plan won’t solve the problem”. Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved August 30, 2006.
196. ^ Carcamo, Cindy; Mather, Kate; Smith, Dakota (November 15, 2016). “Trump’s crackdown on illegal immigration leaves a lot unanswered for sanctuary cities like L.A.” Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
197. ^ Buchanan, Wyatt (November 14, 2007). “S.F. supervisors approve ID cards for residents”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
198. ^ Saunders, Debra (August 9, 2015). “San Francisco’s summer of urine and drug-addicted homeless”. San Francisco Gate. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
199. ^ Jump up to:^a b “2019 San Francisco Homeless Count Report” (PDF). 2019.
200. ^ Jump up to:^a b Graff, Amy (January 24, 2018). “UN expert on San Francisco homelessness: ‘I couldn’t help but be completely shocked'”. SFGATE. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
201. ^ “City & County of San Francisco, California Mayor’s 2020–2021 & 2021–2022 Proposed Budget” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2023.
202. ^ “San Francisco sanctions once-shunned homeless encampments”. ABC News. May 23, 2020. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020.
203. ^ “2024 Point-in-Time Count”. www.sf.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
204. ^ Zaveri, Paayal (April 5, 2023). “San Francisco’s homicide rate is low compared to other big cities, but the killing of tech founder Bob Lee shows that doesn’t tell the whole story”. Business Insider. Insider Inc.
205. ^ Bulwa, Demian (January 5, 2012). “Through hard times, S.F. killings at historic lows”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
206. ^ “San Francisco crime rates and statistics”. NeighborhoodScout. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
207. ^ “The Tenderloin”. FoundSF. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
208. ^ Ho, Vivian (July 4, 2015). “Bay Area homicide rates remain low”. San Francisco Chronicle.
209. ^ Bodley, Michael (January 4, 2017). “SF cops say they notch 2 arrests in last 2 homicides of 2016”. SFGate. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
210. ^ Shaban, Bigad; Campos, Robert; Carroll, Jeremy; Villarreal, Mark (November 17, 2021). “Breaking Point: SF Suffers Highest Rate of Car Break-Ins Compared to Atlanta, DC, Dallas, LA”. nbcbayarea.com. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
211. ^ Knight, Heather (August 14, 2018). “It’s no laughing matter — SF forming Poop Patrol to keep sidewalks clean”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
212. ^ Questions Raised After Suspect In Dozens Of Hate Crimes On SF Asian Businesses Found To Be Out Of Custody, CBS News, January 26, 2022, Archive
213. ^ “La Mara Salvatrucha Street Gang”. SF Weekly. Archived from the original on July 26, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
214. ^ Bulwa, Demian (May 27, 2005). “SAN FRANCISCO / Sureño gang’s threat growing in Bay Area / Widow’s apartment is at heart of group’s Mission District turf”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
215. ^ Samaha, Albert (September 26, 2012). “Crip-less: S.F.’s Dislike of Franchises Extends to Street Gangs – Page 1 – News – San Francisco”. SF Weekly. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
216. ^ Roberts, Chris (December 2015). “Mario Woods and Gang Injunctions”. SF Weekly. Archived from the original on September 18, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
217. ^ Mary Spicuzza (August 1, 2007). “Enter The Dragon”. SF Weekly. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
218. ^ Greschler, Gabe (April 23, 2024). “Crime is falling in San Francisco. Try telling that to voters”. The San Francisco Standard. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
219. ^ “San Francisco Crime 2024 – KQED”. kqed.org. July 18, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
220. ^ Arroyo, Noah (June 10, 2022). “Downtown S.F. on the brink: It’s worse than it looks”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
221. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Industry Employment & Labor Force – by Annual Average for San Francisco County”. California Employment Development Department. 2016.
222. ^ “Personal Income by County, Metro, and Other Areas | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)”. www.bea.gov. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
223. ^ Jump up to:^a b Federal Writers’ Project of the Works Progress Administration of Northern California (2011). San Francisco in the 1930s: The WPA Guide to the City by the Bay. University of California Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-520-26880-7.
224. ^ “San Francisco: Economy”. City-Data.com. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
225. ^ “Fortune 500”. Fortune magazine, Time Inc. 2013. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
226. ^ “The World According to GaWC 2012”. Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network. Loughborough University. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
227. ^ Jump up to:^a b Waters, Rob (May 15, 2009). “Biotech Jobs Germinate as San Francisco Diversifies Economy”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015.
228. ^ Warburg, Jennifer (February 27, 2014). “Forecasting San Francisco’s Economic Fortunes”. SPUR. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
229. ^ Selna, Robert (May 15, 2008). “New jobs, houses spur S.F. population in 2007”. San Francisco Chronicle. p. B-1. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
230. ^ Garland, Russ (February 27, 2014). “As Bay Area Investment Shifts North, Institutional Venture Partners Opens San Francisco Office”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
231. ^ Florida, Richard (March 31, 2014). “Startup City: The Urban Shift in Venture Capital and High Technology”. Martin Prosperity Institute, Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto. Archived from the original on April 5, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
232. ^ Florida, Richard (September 8, 2012). “San Francisco’s urban tech boom”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
233. ^ Young, Eric (May 4, 2010). “S.F. extends biotech payroll tax exemption”. San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
234. ^ “Life Sciences & Biotech” (Press release). San Francisco Center for Economic Development. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
235. ^ “Mayor Lee Announces New Biotech Incubator in Mission Bay”. Office of the Mayor, City and County of San Francisco. September 10, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
236. ^ King, John (March 3, 2024). “Union Square once was the center of San Francisco. Now it’s off the map”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
237. ^ Wilson, Rob (November 2008). “Spectral city: San Francisco as Pacific Rim city and counter-cultural contado”. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 9 (4): 583–597. doi:10.1080/14649370802386503. S2CID 145302676.
238. ^ Dougherty, Conor; Goldberg, Emma (December 17, 2022). “What Comes Next for the Most Empty Downtown in America – Tech workers are still at home. The $17 salad place is expanding into the suburbs. So what is left in San Francisco?”. The New York Times. Retrieved December 17, 2022. On any given week in San Francisco, office buildings are at about 40 percent of their prepandemic occupancy.
239. ^ D’Innocenzio, Anne; Har, Janie (July 16, 2023). “Diversify or die: San Francisco’s downtown is a wake-up call for other cities”. AP News. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
240. ^ Bowles, Nellie (June 8, 2022). “HOW SAN FRANCISCO BECAME A FAILED CITY”. The Atlantic. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
241. ^ Truong, Kevin (October 24, 2022). “As Twitter Goes, So Goes a Revival of the Neighborhood It Helped Transform”. The San Francisco Standard. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
242. ^ “Annual Comprehensive Financial Reports (ACFR) | San Francisco”. www.sf.gov. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
243. ^ Tan, Aldrich M. (April 12, 2006). “San Francisco is gateway city for immigrants and Silicon Valley Technology”. Fogcityjournal.com. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
244. ^ Jump up to:^a b Egan, Ted (April 3, 2006). “An Overview of San Francisco’s Recent Economic Performance – Executive Summary” (PDF). ICF Consulting. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 10, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
245. ^ Said, Carolyn (November 29, 2005). “Main Street Fights Chain Street”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 27, 2006.
246. ^ Hetter, Katia (March 21, 2004). “Supervisors OK limits on chain-store expansion”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 19, 2007.
247. ^ “Proposition G: Limitations on Formula Retail Stores, City of San Francisco”. smartvoter.org. Retrieved January 19, 2007.
248. ^ “Nevada”. Thumbtack. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
249. ^ Jump up to:^a b Frojo, Renée (February 14, 2014). “Made in San Francisco: Manufacturing a comeback”. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
250. ^ “County Median Home Price”. National Association of Realtors. 2022. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
251. ^ Aranya, Rolee (Fall 2017). “A Global ‘Urban Roller Coaster’? Connectivity Changes in the World City Network, 2000–2004”. Regional Studies. 42 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1080/00343400601145202. S2CID 154611136.
252. ^ Eisenpress, Cara (April 28, 2023). “New York is closer than ever to beating the Bay Area on tech”. Crain Communications. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
253. ^ Eisenpress, Cara (May 22, 2023). “For the first time, Manhattan edges out San Francisco in new early-stage startups”. Crain Communications. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
254. ^ Egan (April 3, 2006). “City and County of San Francisco: An Overview of San Francisco’s Recent Economic Performance” (PDF). Report prepared for Mayor’s Office of Economic and Workforce Development. ICF Consulting. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2009. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
255. ^ “Despite High Costs, AI-Charged San Francisco Remains a Top Choice for Founding Startups”. Inc.
256. ^ Flinn, Ryan (September 3, 2010). “S.F. tourism picks up, but spending stays flat”. San Francisco Chronicle. p. D-1. Archived from the original on May 24, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
257. ^ “Overseas Visitors to Select U.S. Cities 2015–2016” (PDF). National Travel and Tourism Office. International Trade Administration, US Department of Commerce. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
258. ^ “San Francisco Travel Reports Record-Breaking Tourism in 2016”. San Francisco Travel Association (Press release). January 18, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
259. ^ “San Francisco Visitor Industry Statistics”. San Francisco Travel Association. 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
260. ^ “Alcatraz Island : Explore Sensational San Francisco : TravelChannel.com”. Travel Channel. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
261. ^ “Top 20 Attractions in San Francisco”. San Francisco Travel. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
262. ^ McLean, Tessa (August 16, 2021). “San Francisco has almost 200 tiny streets. This is my favorite”. SFGATE. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
263. ^ “SFPort – James R. Herman Cruise Terminal Project at Pier 27”. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
264. ^ Hartman, Chester (2002). City for sale: The transformation of San Francisco. University of California Press. p. 24.
265. ^ Boyd, Nan Alamilla (2011). “San Francisco’s Castro district: from gay liberation to tourist destination”. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change. 9 (3): 237–248. doi:10.1080/14766825.2011.620122. S2CID 143916613.
266. ^ “Most Walkable Cities in the U.S.” Walkscore.com. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
267. ^ Wach, Bonnie (October 3, 2003). “Fog City rises from the funk”. USA Today. Archived from the original on May 15, 2006. Retrieved September 4, 2006.
268. ^ “What’s the Castro Like?”. SFGate. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
269. ^ Schwarzer, Michelle (July 2001). “San Francisco by the Numbers: Planning After the 2000 Census”. SPUR Newsletter. San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association. Archived from the original on February 11, 2005. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
270. ^ Sadovi, Maura Webber (April 12, 2006). “San Francisco’s Home Prices Remain Among the Highest in U.S.” The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 1, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
271. ^ “Median Family Income (In 2003 Inflation-adjusted Dollars)”. American Community Survey. US Census Bureau. August 22, 2007. Archived from the original on October 13, 2004. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
272. ^ Hawn, Carleen (March 2007). “It may not feel like it, but your shot at the good life is getting better. Here’s why”. San Francisco magazine. Modern Luxury. Archived from the original on February 24, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
273. ^ ““2014 Quality of Living worldwide city rankings – Mercer survey”. Mercer Consulting. February 2014. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
274. ^ Hendricks, Tyche (June 22, 2006). “Rich City Poor City: Middle-class neighborhoods are disappearing from the nation’s cities, leaving only high- and low-income districts, new study says”. San Francisco Chronicle. p. A-1. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
275. ^ Anna Marie Erwert (June 2, 2015). “San Francisco’s median rent hits a ridiculous $4,225”. On The Block.
276. ^ “Hot in the City.” [sic?] The Economist April 2, 2016: 71. print.
277. ^ Leip, Dave (June 4, 2008). “Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections”. Dave Leip. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
278. ^ Reform Law Could Curb Healthy San Francisco’s Enrollment by Up to 60% – California Healthline. Californiahealthline.org. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
279. ^ Locke, Laura A. (June 23, 2006). “San Francisco’s Latest Innovation: Universal Health Care”. Time. TIME USA, LLC. Archived from the original on July 3, 2006. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
280. ^ “Participant Costs” Archived March 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, healthysanfrancisco.org. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
281. ^ “Universal Health Care Plan Approved in San Francisco”, Insurance Journal, July 20, 2006.
282. ^ Those needles littering the streets? The city gave them out, San Francisco Chronicle, May 8, 2018
283. ^ San Francisco’s Free Syringes Are Littering Its Streets, CBS San Francisco, May 10, 2018
284. ^ Johnson, Sydney (July 5, 2022). “Second-chance city: San Francisco’s plan to reduce overdose crisis”. The San Francisco Examiner. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
285. ^ “About the Sierra Club”. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
286. ^ “Friends of the Urban Forest – About us”. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
287. ^ “Recology Residential Service Program”. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
288. ^ “SFPUC GoSolarSF”. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
289. ^ “About Clean Power SF”. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
290. ^ “SFPUC Greasecycle”. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
291. ^ “Mayor Newsom Praises SFPUC For Approving New Five Megawatt Solar Project at Sunset Reservoir” (Press release). Office of the Mayor, San Francisco. December 12, 2008. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
292. ^ Glaser, Leigh (December 7, 2010). “SF gets new way to generate renewable energy”. KGO ABC7 News. Archived from the original on April 10, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
293. ^ Ang, Alexis (July 12, 2022). “Cultures Explained: How did San Francisco become The World’s Gay Mecca”. The Travel Intern. Singapore: The Travel Intern Pte. Ltd. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
294. ^ Newport, Frank; Gates, Gary J. (March 20, 2015). “San Francisco Metro Area Ranks Highest in LGBT Percentage”. Gallup. Gallup, Inc.
295. ^ “San Francisco Pride”. March 2023. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
296. ^ “Court victories boost gay pride parades”. USA Today.
297. ^ Rababy, Michael (2018). Folsom Street Food Court. Los Angeles, California: Delancey Street Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0692183731.
298. ^ “Cheap date – what to do?”. CNN.^{[permanent dead link]}
299. ^ “San Francisco Opera”. www.sfcv.org. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
300. ^ “sfjazz.org | About”. www.sfjazz.org. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
301. ^ “San Francisco Sound”. www.shsu.edu. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
302. ^ “Remembering The Most Iconic Classic Rock Venue On The West Coast”. May 24, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
303. ^ “Stage Left: San Francisco’s Theater History”. 7×7 Bay Area. November 9, 2012.
304. ^ Jones, Chad. “Tonys By the Bay”. Theatre Bay Area Magazine, May/June 2014.
305. ^ Sanders, Adrienne, “S.F. Raises Curtain For Broadway Hits” San Francisco Business Times, April 3, 2005. [2]
306. ^ Jones, Chad. “Tonys By the Bay”. Theatre Bay Area Magazine, May/June 2014. [3]
307. ^ “Corporate Sponsorship – Why Sponsor”. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on December 29, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
308. ^ “Our Expansion · SFMOMA”. SFMOMA.
309. ^ “Museums in San Francisco”. SanFrancisco.net. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
310. ^ “CCA Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts”. wattis.org. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
311. ^ “Federal Brownfields Tax Incentive: SBC Park” (PDF). Brownfields. US Environmental Protection Agency. May 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2006. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
312. ^ Sperling, Bert (October 25, 2012). “Best Baseball Cities”. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
313. ^ Matier, Phillip; Ross, Andrew (November 9, 2006). “SAN FRANCISCO / 49ers say they are moving to Santa Clara”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
314. ^ “San Francisco mayor: 49ers move to Santa Clara all but assured”. PressDemocrat.com. December 6, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
315. ^ Roberts, Chris; News • •, Bay City (June 6, 2014). “Super Bowl 50 Gets Financial Boost from Big Tech”. NBC Bay Area. Retrieved August 23, 2024.
316. ^ “Super Bowl 50 fan village details revealed”. ABC7 San Francisco. Retrieved August 23, 2024.
317. ^ “Behind The Name – Warriors”. Nba.com. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
318. ^ “Golden State Warriors”. Oraclearena.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
319. ^ “Golden State Warriors Win 2022 NBA Championship: Warriors Earn Seventh Title in Franchise History”. NBA. June 16, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
320. ^ “Athletics and Sports – San Francisco State University Bulletin 2013 – 2014”. Sfsu.edu. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
321. ^ “About Us – History”. ING Bay to Breakers. ING Group. March 11, 2008. Archived from the original on November 24, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
322. ^ Bulwa, Demian (July 27, 2009). “S.F. Marathon: 26.2 miles of feel-good pain”. Press Release. Retrieved September 7, 2010.
323. ^ “Fact Sheet” (PDF). Press Release. Accenture Escape from Alcatraz Triathlon. May 23, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 25, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
324. ^ Cote, John (2010). “San Francisco selected to host America’s Cup”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
325. ^ “Bicycle Network Facilities”. Commuting and Resources. SF Municipal Transportation Authority. May 12, 2008. Archived from the original on April 4, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
326. ^ Hübler, Eric (2008). “The Fittest and Fattest Cities in America”. Men’s Fitness. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
327. ^ Lautenbach, Brett (October 16, 2017). “Esports Comes to Shake Up Northern California: Meet the San Francisco Shock”. www.businesswire.com. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
328. ^ Samples, Rachel (September 29, 2019). “San Francisco Shock crowned 2019 Overwatch League champions”. Dot Esports. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
329. ^ Amin, Justin (October 10, 2020). “San Francisco Shock are 2020 Overwatch League Champions”. Esportz Network. Archived from the original on June 7, 2023. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
330. ^ Brinklow, Adam (August 22, 2018). “Golden Gate Park ranked third most popular park in US”. Curbed SF. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
331. ^ Boulevard, Mailing Address: 2 Marina; E, Building; Francisco, 2nd Floor San; Us, CA 94123 Phone: 415 561-7000 The public information office is open from 8 A. M. to 5 P. M. PST Contact. “San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)”. www.nps.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
332. ^ “Facility Listings”. San Francisco Recreation and Parks Department. City and County of San Francisco. Archived from the original on August 16, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
333. ^ “The Most Visited City Parks” (PDF). Center for City Park Excellence. The Trust for Public Land. October 11, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 18, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
334. ^ “Golden Gate Park Points of Interest”. sfrecpark.org. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
335. ^ “Lake Merced Trails”. San Francisco Recreation & Parks. December 3, 2024.
336. ^ “What to See at the Zoo”. San Francisco Zoo. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
337. ^ “Candlestick Point SRA”. California State Parks Department. Retrieved January 27, 2009.
338. ^ “SF 1st city in nation with a park 10-minute walk from every home”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
339. ^ “In San Francisco, Everyone Lives Within A 10-Minute Walk of a Park”. CBS SF Bay Area. May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
340. ^ “ParkScore”. Parkscore.tpl.org. Archived from the original on May 24, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
341. ^ “Board of Supervisors – Does San Francisco have a City Council?”. Archived from the original on August 26, 2008. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
342. ^ “Board of Supervisors – Does San Francisco have a City Council?”. SFGov SF311. Archived from the original on November 29, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
343. ^ “Board of Supervisors District Information”. City and County of San Francisco, Board of Supervisors. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved January 29, 2006.
344. ^ Coté, John (January 11, 2011). “Ed Lee becomes the city’s first Chinese American mayor”. The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013.
345. ^ “Ranked-choice voting”. sf.gov. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
346. ^ “Foreign Consular Offices in the United States, 2007” (PDF). United States Department of State. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
347. ^ “Budget and Appropriation Ordinance as of July 21, 2015 – Fiscal Years Ending June 30, 2016 and June 30, 2017” (PDF). SF Controller. July 21, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
348. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Analysis of spending in America’s largest cities – Ballotpedia”. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
349. ^ Gordon, Rachel (April 26, 2010). “1 in 3 San Francisco employees earned $100,000”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
350. ^ “Communities of Interest — County”. California Citizens Redistricting Commission. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
351. ^ “California’s 12th Congressional District – Representatives & District Map”. Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
352. ^ “Top 5 Reasons People Move to San Francisco”. October 7, 2024.^{[permanent dead link]}
353. ^ “America’s Best Graduate Schools: Best Medical Schools”. U.S. News & World Report. 2010. Archived from the original on April 21, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
354. ^ Comarow, Avery (July 14, 2010). “Best Hospitals 2011–12: the Honor Roll”. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
355. ^ “San Francisco Business Information: Largest Employers in San Francisco”. San Francisco Business Times Book of Lists, 2007. San Francisco Center for Economic Development. Archived from the original (Microsoft Word) on August 17, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2008.
356. ^ Leuty, Ron (June 11, 2010). “UCSF packs a $6B punch for economy”. San Francisco Business Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
357. ^ “Employment & Economic Stimulus”. 2010 Economic Impact Report. University of California, San Francisco. Archived from the original on July 1, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
358. ^ Ravven, Wallace (July 22, 2003). “New UCSF Mission Bay campus: country’s largest biomedical university expansion”. University of California, San Francisco. Retrieved June 9, 2008.
359. ^ UCSF (2015). “Locations”. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
360. ^ “Hastings Quick Facts”. University of California, Hastings College of the Law. Retrieved August 30, 2006.
361. ^ “UCSF/UC Hastings Consortium”. University of California, Hastings College of the Law. Archived from the original on April 26, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
362. ^ Jump up to:^a b “SF State Facts 2008–2009” (PDF). SFSU. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2009.
363. ^ “City College of San Francisco Fact Sheet”. City College of San Francisco. April 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 2, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
364. ^ “University of San Francisco Fact Book and Almanac 2007” (PDF). University of San Francisco. December 31, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
365. ^ “Who We Are”. Academy of Art University. 2008. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
366. ^ “Oakland & San Francisco Campuses”. California College of the Arts. 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
367. ^ Let’s Go: Roadtripping USA. MacMillan. 2007. p. 489. ISBN 9780312361822. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
368. ^ “2020 CENSUS – SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: San Francisco County, CA” (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 22, 2022. – Text list
369. ^ “The Oldest Public High School West of the Mississippi”. About Lowell: Lowell History. San Francisco Unified School District. February 22, 2002. Archived from the original on April 14, 2002. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
370. ^ Tucker, Jill (June 10, 2015). “S.F. board sticks with school-assignment system”. SFGATE. Hearst Communications, Inc.
371. ^ Knight, Heather (May 31, 2006). “Many reluctantly chose private schools”. San Francisco Chronicle. p. A-1. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
372. ^ “School Directory August 2010” (PDF). Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco. August 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
373. ^ “Preschools in San Francisco”. Winnie. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
374. ^ “Preschool for All”. San Francisco Office of Early Care and Education. Archived from the original on May 24, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
375. ^ “Top 200 Newspapers by Largest Reported Circulation”. Audit Bureau of Circulations. March 31, 2007. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
376. ^ Rosenberg, Scott (March 21, 2000). “The San Francisco Examiner, 1887–2000”. Salon. Archived from the original on June 27, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
377. ^ Nolte, Carl (November 22, 2000). “Examiner Staff Ends an Era With Tears, Newsroom Tales”. San Francisco Chronicle. p. A-1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
378. ^ Hua, Vanessa (August 3, 2004). “Newspaper war in the Bay Area: Ming Pao becomes 6th Chinese-language daily”. San Francisco Chronicle. p. B-1. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
379. ^ “Local Television Market Universe Estimates”. September 22, 2007. Archived from the original (XLS) on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
380. ^ “Arbitron Radio Market Rankings: Spring 2008”. Arbitron. April 16, 2008. Archived from the original on July 10, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
381. ^ “Top 30 Public Radio Subscribers – Winter 2004 Arbitron” (PDF). Radio Research Consortium. Arbitron Media Research. June 17, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 23, 2005. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
382. ^ “About – KUSF”. www.kusf.org. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
383. ^ “KPOO – About Us”. kpoo.com.
384. ^ Jump up to:^a b “SFMTA 2019 Annual Report” (PDF). Sfmta.com. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
385. ^ Christie, Les (June 29, 2007). “New Yorkers are Top Transit Users”. CNNMoney.com. Retrieved August 20, 2008.
386. ^ “Largest U.S. transit agencies based on passenger trips”. Statista. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
387. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} “Bay Area Traveler: Transportation Information”. San Francisco Chronicle Inc. March 2007. Archived from the original on August 30, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
388. ^ “Report on San Francisco’s Cable Cars” (PDF). San Francisco Beautiful. May 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
389. ^ “Emeryville Station (EMY)”. Amtrak. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
390. ^ “City CarShare Out Mission”. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
391. ^ “Zipcar Our Mission”. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
392. ^ “San Francisco Bay Ferry”. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
393. ^ “Golden Gate Ferry”. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
394. ^ “Google bus blocked in San Francisco protest vs gentrification”. Reuters. December 9, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
395. ^ Jump up to:^a b “SFMTA Transportation Fact Sheet” (PDF). 2015.
396. ^ Jump up to:^a b Gordon, Rachel (September 8, 2005). “Boulevard of dreams, the premiere”. San Francisco Chronicle. p. B-1. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
397. ^ Ting, Eric (June 6, 2020). “Why the Golden Gate Bridge made strange noises with the wind Friday”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
398. ^ Kwong, Jessica (February 19, 2014). “SF takes step forward in education for pedestrians, cyclists and drivers”. San Francisco Examiner. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
399. ^ “Vision Zero 2019 End of Year Traffic Fatality Report” (PDF). 2019.
400. ^ Young, Eric (April 2, 2004). “Pact keeps United from flying away”. San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
401. ^ “Alaska Air Group closes acquisition of Virgin America, becomes the 5th largest U.S. airline”. December 14, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
402. ^ “Fact Sheet: International Terminal” (PDF). San Francisco International Airport. May 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
403. ^ “Preliminary World Airport Traffic 2011 (Table 2 – Total Passenger Traffic 2011)” (PDF). Airports Council International. March 27, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
404. ^ “2011 Bicycle Count Report” (PDF). SFMTA. City of San Francisco. December 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
405. ^ 2012 San Francisco State of Cycling Report (PDF) (Report). San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. 2012. p. 2. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
406. ^ Bialick, Aaron (June 29, 2017). “Ford GoBike Launches, Bringing Bike-Share to New SF Neighborhoods”. SFMTA: Municipal Transportation Agency. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
407. ^ “Grab an ebike and go”. Ford GoBike. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
408. ^ Said, Carolyn (July 20, 2011). “S.F., Oakland in top 10 most walkable U.S. cities”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
409. ^ “The 10 most walkable U.S. cities”. MarketWatch. 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
410. ^ “Walk Score Ranks The Most Walkable Cities of 2015 – @Redfin”. April 7, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
411. ^ Sabatini, Joshua (January 16, 2014). “Lee unveils push for pedestrian safety”. SF Examiner. Retrieved January 19, 2014.
412. ^ “Traffic Safety Facts, 2012 Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview” (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Retrieved January 19, 2014.
413. ^ “City of San Francisco 2010 Bicycle Count Report” (PDF). San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, 2010, p. 3.
414. ^ “2008 San Francisco State of Cycling Report” (PDF). San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. 2008. p. 9. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
415. ^ “Bicycle Friendly America 2010” (PDF). American Bicyclist: 17. 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
416. ^ Cano, Ricardo (November 9, 2022). “JFK Drive will remain car-free after S.F. voters reject Prop. I, pass Prop. J”. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
417. ^ “SFPD History”. San Francisco Police Department. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
418. ^ “Fire Commission Response to Grand Jury Report”. San Francisco Fire Department. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
419. ^ “San Francisco Sister Cities”. Archived from the original on March 11, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
420. ^ “REGISTER OF FOREIGN CONSULATES IN SAN FRANCISCO” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 23, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
421. ^ Lampton, David M. (2024). Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-5381-8725-8.

Bibliography

[edit]

• De La Perouse, Jean Francois; Yamane, Linda Gonsalves; Margolin, Malcolm (1989). Life in a California Mission: Monterey in 1786: The Journals of Jean Francois De La Perouse. Heyday Books. ISBN 978-0-930588-39-7. OCLC 20368802.
• Hansen, Gladys (1995). San Francisco Almanac: Everything you want to know about the city. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-0841-5. OCLC 30702907.
• London, Jack (May 5, 1906). “The Story of an Eyewitness by Jack London”. Collier’s, the National Weekly.
• Richards, Rand (1991). Historic San Francisco: A Concise History and Guide. Heritage House. ISBN 978-1-879367-00-5. OCLC 214330849.
• Ungaretti, Lorri (2005). San Francisco’s Richmond District. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-3053-6. OCLC 62249656.
• Taylor, William (1895). Ridpath, John (ed.). Story of my life. Toronto: W. Briggs.
• Wiley, Peter Booth (2000). National trust guide San Francisco: America’s guide for architecture and history travelers. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-19120-9. OCLC 44313415.

Further reading

[edit]

• Asbury, Hubert (1989). The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld. Dorset Press. ISBN 978-0-88029-428-7. OCLC 22719465.
• Bronson, William (2006). The Earth Shook, the Sky Burned. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-5047-6. OCLC 65223734.
• Cassady, Stephen (1987). Spanning the Gate. Square Books. ISBN 978-0-916290-36-8. OCLC 15229396.
• Dillon, Richard H. (1998). High Steel: Building the Bridges Across San Francisco Bay. Celestial Arts (Reissue edition). ISBN 978-0-88029-428-7. OCLC 22719465.
• Eldredge, Zoeth Skinner (1912). The Beginnings of San Francisco: from the Expedition of Anza, 1774, to the City Charter of April 15, 1850 (PDF). New York: John C. Rankin Company.
• Ferlinghetti, Lawrence (1980). Literary San Francisco: A pictorial history from its beginnings to the present day. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-250325-1. OCLC 6683688.
• Hartman, Chester (2002). City for Sale: The Transformation of San Francisco. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08605-0. OCLC 48579085.
• Heller, Nathan. Bay Watched – How San Francisco’s New Entrepreneurial Culture is Changing the Country (article) (October 2013). The New Yorker
• Holliday, J. S. (1999). Rush for Riches: Gold Fever and the Making of California. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21402-6. OCLC 37545551.
• Lotchin, Roger W. (1997). San Francisco, 1846–1856: From Hamlet to City. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06631-3. OCLC 35650934.
• Margolin, Malcolm (1981). The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area. Heydey Books. ISBN 978-0-930588-01-4. OCLC 4628382.
• Maupin, Armistead (1978). Tales of the City. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-096404-7. OCLC 29847673.
• Solnit, Rebecca. Infinite City: A San Francisco Atlas (University of California Press, 2010). 144 pp. ISBN 978-0-520-26250-8; online review
• Thomas, Gordon & Witts, Max Morgan (1971). The San Francisco Earthquake. Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-1360-9. OCLC 154735.
• Watkins, James F. (January 1870). “San Francisco”. The Overland Monthly. Vol. 4, no. 1. San Francisco: A. Roman & Co. pp. 9–23.
• Winfield, P.H., The Charter of San Francisco (The fortnightly review Vol. 157–58:2 (1945), p. 69–75)

External links

[edit]

• Official website 
• News of San Francisco — information portal
• Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco

showvte City and County of San Francisco

showArticles relating to the City and County of San Francisco

showvteThe 100 most populous cities of the United States

San Francisco at Wikipedia’s sister projects:

• Definitions from Wiktionary
• Media from Commons
• News from Wikinews
• Quotations from Wikiquote
• Texts from Wikisource
• Textbooks from Wikibooks
• Resources from Wikiversity
• Travel guides from Wikivoyage
• Data from Wikidata

Portals:

•  California
•  San Francisco Bay Area
•  United States
•  Geography
•  Cities

showAuthority control databases

Categories: 

• San Francisco
• 1776 establishments in The Californias
• 1850 establishments in California
• California counties
• Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area
• Consolidated city-counties
• Counties in the San Francisco Bay Area
• County seats in California
• Hudson’s Bay Company trading posts
• Incorporated cities and towns in California
• Populated coastal places in California
• Populated places established in 1776
• Port cities in California
• Spanish mission settlements in North America
• Majority-minority counties in California

• This page was last edited on 8 January 2025, at 20:28 (UTC).
• Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

• Privacy policy
• About Wikipedia
• Disclaimers
• Contact Wikipedia
• Code of Conduct
• Developers
• Statistics
• Cookie statement
• Mobile view